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Microbiology Lec > Cell Structure and Function in Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function in Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

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1
Q

most common shape

A

cocci or rods

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2
Q

determined by plane of division
determined by separation or not

A

arrangement

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3
Q

spheres

A

cocci (singular: coccus)

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4
Q

pairs of cocci

A

Diplococcus

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5
Q

chains of cocci

A

Streptococcus

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6
Q

grape-like clusters of cocci

A

Staphylococcus

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7
Q

cylindrical shape

A

rod or bacillus

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8
Q

very short rods

A

coccobacilli

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9
Q

resemble rods, comma shaped

A

vibrios

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10
Q

rigid helices

A

spirilla (spirillum)

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11
Q

flexible helices

A

spirochetes

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12
Q

network of long, multinucleate filaments

A

mycelium

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13
Q

organisms that are variable in shape

A

pleomorphic

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14
Q

What is the smallest size of bacteria?

A

0.3 µm (Mycoplasma)

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15
Q

What is the average rod size of bacteria?

A

1.1-1.5x2-6µm (E. coli)

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16
Q

What is the very large size of bacteria?

A

600x80 µm Epulopiscium fishelsoni

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17
Q

important for nutrient uptake; surface to volume ratio

A

size-shape relationship

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18
Q

True or False: small size may be protective mechanism from predation

A

true

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19
Q

What are the bacterial cell organization common features?

A

cell envelope - 3 layers
cytoplasm
external structures

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20
Q

selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis

A

plasma membrane

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21
Q

inclusion that provides buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments

A

gas vacuole

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22
Q

protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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23
Q

storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances

A

inclusions

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24
Q

localization of genetic material (DNA)

A

nucleoid

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25
Q

In typical Gram-negative bacteria, contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding for proteins for nutrient processing and uptake; in typical Gram-positive bacteria, may be smaller or absent

A

periplasmic space

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26
Q

protection from osmotic stress, helps maintain cell shape

A

cell wall

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27
Q

resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces

A

capsules and slime layers

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28
Q

attachment to surfaces, bacterial conjugation and transformation, twitching and gliding motility

A

fimbriae and pili

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29
Q

swimming and swimming motility

A

flagella

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30
Q

survival under harsh environmental conditions

A

endospore

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31
Q

What are the 3 layers of bacterial cell envelope?

A

plasma membrane
cell wall
layers outside the cell wall

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32
Q

thin barrier that surrounds the cell and separates the cytoplasm from the cell’s environment

A

bacterial plasma membrane

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33
Q

‘gatekeeper’ for substances that enter and exit the cell

A

bacterial plasma membrane

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34
Q

True or False: bacterial plasma membrane absolute requirement for all living organisms

A

true

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35
Q

contains both polar ends and non polar tails

A

amphipathic lipids

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36
Q

interact with water

A

hydrophilic

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37
Q

insoluble in water

A

hydrophobic

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38
Q

loosely connected to membrane; easily removed

A

peripheral membrane protein

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39
Q

amphipathic-embedded within membrane; carry out important functions; may exist as microdomains

A

integral

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40
Q

gives structural integrity

A

hopanoid

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41
Q

comparison of hopanoid in mycoplasma

A

sterol

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42
Q

rigid structure that lies just outside the cell plasma membrane

A

peptidoglycan

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43
Q

What are the two types of peptidoglycan based on Gram stain?

A

Gram-positive and Gram-negative

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44
Q

stain purple; thick peptidoglycan

A

gram-positive

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45
Q

stain pink or red; thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane

A

gram-negative

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46
Q

What are the cell wall functions?

A

confers shape and rigidity on the cell
helps protect cell from osmotic lysis
helps protect from toxic materials
may contribute to pathogenicity

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47
Q

polysaccharide composed of two sugar derivatives (N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid) and a few amino acids

A

peptidoglycan

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48
Q

What are the two sugar derivatives of peptidoglycan?

A

N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid

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49
Q

Meshlike polymer of
identical subunits
forming long strands (alternating D- and L- amino acids)

A

peptidoglycan

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50
Q

What is the shape of peptidoglycan strands?

A

helical
shape

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51
Q

Peptidoglycan chains are crosslinked by ______ for strength

A

peptides

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52
Q

Composed primarily of
peptidoglycan; May also contain teichoic
acids (negatively charged)

A

gram-positive cell walls

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53
Q

true or false

some gram-positive bacteria
have layer of proteins on
surface of peptidoglycan

A

true

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54
Q

true or false

some gram-negative bacteria
have layer of proteins on
surface of peptidoglycan

A

false

gram-positive

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55
Q

Usually composed of
polysaccharides
Well organized and not
easily removed from cell
Visible in light microscope

A

capsules

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56
Q

protective advantages of capsules

A
  • resistant to phagocytosis
  • protect from desiccation
  • exclude viruses and detergents
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57
Q

similar to capsules except diffuse,
unorganized and easily removed

A

slime layers

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58
Q

slime may aid in

A

motility

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59
Q

Regularly structured
layers of protein or
glycoprotein that self-assemble

A

s layers

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60
Q

the S layer
adheres to outer
membrane

A

gram-negative bacteria

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61
Q

it is associated
with the peptidoglycan
surface

A

gram-positive bacteria

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62
Q

What are the S-layer functions?

A

Protect from ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic
stress, enzymes, and predation
Maintains shape and rigidity
Promotes adhesion to surfaces
Protects from host defenses
Potential use in nanotechnology

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63
Q

what are the bacterial cytoplasmic structures?

A
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Intracytoplasmic membranes
  • Inclusions
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleoid and plasmids
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64
Q

plasma membrane and
everything within

A

protoplast

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65
Q

material bounded by the plasmid
membrane

A

cytoplasm

66
Q

What are the 3 eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements in bacteria?

A

Tubulin homologues
Actin homologues
Intermediate Filaments Homologues
(Unique Bacterial Cytoskeletal Proteins)

67
Q

What are the different tubulin homologues?

A

FtsZ
BtubA/BtubB
TubZ

68
Q

What are the different Actin Homologues?

A

MamK
MreB/Mbl
ParM

69
Q

What are the different types of Intermediate Filament Homologues?

A

CreS (crescentin)

70
Q

What are the different types of unique bacterial cytoskeletal proteins?

A

MinD
ParA

71
Q

functions in cell division and is widely observed in bacteria and archaea

A

FtsZ

72
Q

observed only in Prosthecobacter spp.; thought to be encoded by eukaryotic tubulin gens obtained by horizontal gene transfer

A

BtubA/BtubB

73
Q

possibly functions in plasmid segregation; encoded by large plasmids observed in members of the genus Bacillus

A

TubZ

74
Q

functions in positioning magnetosomes, observed in magnetotactic species

A

MamK

75
Q

helps determine cell shape, may be involved in chromosome segregating, localizes proteins; most rod shaped bacteria

A

mreB;Mbl

76
Q

functions in plasmid segregation; plasmid encoded

A

ParM

77
Q

induces curvature in curved rods; found in caulobacter crescentus

A

CreS (crescentin)

78
Q

prevents polymerization of FtsZ at cell poles; found in many rod-shaped bacteria

A

MinD

79
Q

segregates chromosomes and plasmids; observed in many species including Vibrio cholerae, C. crescentus, and Thermus thermophilus

A

ParA

80
Q

many bacteria; forms ring during septum formation in cell division

A

FtsZ

81
Q

many rods; maintains shape by positioning peptidoglycan synthesis machinery

A

MreB

82
Q

rare, maintains curve shape

A

CreS (crescentin)

83
Q

– observed in many photosynthetic bacteria and many bacteria with high respiratory activity

A

plasma membrane infoldings

84
Q

organelle – site of anaerobic ammonia oxidation

A

Anammoxosome in Planctomycetes

85
Q

Granules of organic or inorganic material that
are stockpiled by the cell for future use;

A

inclusions

86
Q

may be referred to as microcompartments

A

inclusions

87
Q

Storage of nutrients, metabolic end products,
energy, building blocks; glycogen storage, carbon storage

A

storage inclusions

88
Q

Polyphosphate (Volutin)

A

phosphate

89
Q

cyanophycin granules

A

amino acids

90
Q

Not bound by
membranes but
compartmentalized for
a specific function

A

microcompartments

91
Q

CO2
fixing bacteria

A

carboxysomes

92
Q

contain the enzyme
ribulose-1,5,-
bisphosphate
carboxylase (Rubisco),
enzyme used for CO2
fixation

A

Carboxysomes

93
Q

found in aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria and
archaea; provide buoyancy in gas vesicles

A

gas vacuoles

94
Q

found in aquatic bacteria; magnetite particles for orientation in Earth’s magnetic field; cytoskeletal protein MamK

A

magnetosomes

95
Q

sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

96
Q

bacterial and archaea ribosome

A

70s

97
Q

eukaryotic ribosome

A

80s

98
Q

bacterial ribosomal RNA

A

16S small subunit
23S and 5S in large subunit

99
Q

Location of chromosome
and associated proteins; Usually 1 closed circular,
double-stranded DNA
molecule

A

nucleoid

100
Q

found in bacteria, archaea, some fungi; usually small, closed circular DNA molecules

A

Extrachromosomal DNA

101
Q

plasmids that may integrate into chromosome

A

episomes

102
Q

Extend beyond the cell envelope in bacteria

A

external structures

103
Q

Function in protection, attachment to
surfaces, horizontal gene transfer, cell
movement

A

external structures such as:
pili and fimbriae
flagella

104
Q

short, thin, hairlike,
proteinaceous appendages (up to
1,000/cell)

A

fimbriae; pili

105
Q

can mediate attachment to
surfaces, motility, DNA uptake

A

Fimbriae (s., fimbria); pili (s.,
pilus)

106
Q

longer, thicker, and less
numerous (1-10/cell); genes for formation found on
plasmids; required for conjugation

A

sex pili

107
Q

Threadlike, locomotor appendages extending
outward from plasma membrane and cell wall

A

flagella

108
Q

functions of flagella

A

motility and swarming behavior
attachment to surfaces
may be virulence factors

109
Q

Thin, rigid protein structures that cannot be
observed with bright-field microscope unless
specially stained; Ultrastructure composed of three parts

A

bacterial flagella

110
Q

what are the different patterns of flagella distribution?

A

Monotrichous
Polar flagellum
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous

111
Q

one flagellum

A

monotrichous

112
Q

flagellum at end of cell

A

polar flagellum

113
Q

one flagellum at each end of cell

A

Amphitrichous

114
Q

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

A

lophotrichous

115
Q

flagella spread over entire surface of cell

A

peritrichous

116
Q

What are the three parts of flagella?

A

filament
hook
basal body

117
Q

extends from cell surface to the tip; hollow, rigid cylinder of flagellin protein

A

filament

118
Q

links filament to basal body

A

hook

119
Q

series of rings that drive flagellar motor

A

basal body

120
Q

complex process involving many genes/gene
products where new flagellin molecules transported through the hollow filament using Type III-like secretion system; filament subunits self-assemble with help of filament cap at tip, not base

A

flagellar synthesis

121
Q

What are the different motility?

A

flagellar movement
spirochete motility
twitching motility
gliding motility

122
Q

move toward chemical attractants such as
nutrients, away from harmful substances

A

chemotaxis

123
Q

Move in response to temperature, light,
oxygen, osmotic pressure, and gravity

A

motility

124
Q

Flagellum rotates like a

A

propeller

125
Q

how many revolutions per sec is bacterial flagellar movement?

A

1100 rev/sec

126
Q

causes forward motion (run)

A

counterclockwise

127
Q

disrupts run causing cell to stop and tumble

A

clockwise rotation

128
Q

2 part motor
producing torque

A

flagellum

129
Q

2 parts producing torque of flagellum

A

rotor and stator

130
Q

C (FliG protein) ring and MS ring
turn and interact with stator

A

rotor

131
Q

Mot A and Mot B proteins that form channel through plasma
membrane

A

stator

132
Q

protons move through Mot A and
Mot B channels using

A

energy of proton motive force

133
Q

powers rotation of the
basal body and filament

A

torque

134
Q

Multiple flagella form axial fibril which winds around
the cell; Flagella remain in periplasmic space inside outer
sheath

A

spirochete motility

135
Q

exhibits flexing and spinning
movements

A

corkscrew shape

136
Q

May involve Type IV pili and slime

A

twitching and gliding motility

137
Q

pili at ends of cell; short, intermittent, jerky motions; cells are in contact with each other and
surface

A

twitching

138
Q

smooth movements

A

gliding

139
Q

Movement toward a chemical attractant or
away from a chemical repellent

A

chemotaxis

140
Q

Changing concentrations of chemical
attractants and chemical repellents bind
chemoreceptors of chemosensing system

A

chemotaxis

141
Q

True or False

In presence of attractant tumbling frequency is
intermittently reduced and runs in direction of
attractant are longer

A

true

142
Q

true or false

In presence of attractant tumbling frequency is
intermittently increased and runs in direction of
attractant are longer

A

false

tumbling freq is reduced

143
Q

true or false

In presence of attractant tumbling frequency is
intermittently reduced and runs in direction of
attractant are shorter

A

false

144
Q

Complex, dormant structure formed by some
bacteria

A

bacterial endospore

145
Q

bacterial endospore is resistant to numerous environmental conditions such as:

A

heat
radiation
chemicals
dessication

146
Q

what makes an endospore so resistant?

A

calcium
small, acid soluble, DNA-binding proteins (SASPs)
Dehydrated core
Spore coat and exosporium protect

147
Q
  • Process of endospore formation
A

sporulation

148
Q

how many hours does sporulation occurs?

A

up to 10 hours

149
Q

Normally commences when growth ceases
because of lack of nutrients; Complex multistage process

A

sporulation

150
Q

What are the different parts of Formation of Vegetative cell?

A

Activation
Germination
Outgrowth

151
Q

prepares spores for germination; often results from treatments like
heating

A

activation

152
Q

environmental nutrients are
detected; spore swelling and rupture of
absorption of spore coat; increased metabolic activity

A

germination

153
Q

emergence of
vegetative cell

A

outgrowth

154
Q

more permeable than plasma membrane due to presence of porin proteins and transporter proteins

A

gram negative

155
Q

form channels to let small molecules
(600–700 daltons) pass

A

porin proteins

156
Q

solute concentration outside the cell is less
than inside the cell

A

hypotonic environments

157
Q

water moves into cell and cell swells; cell wall protects from lysis

A

hypotonic environments

158
Q

solute concentration outside the cell is greater
than inside

A

hypertonic environments

159
Q

– water leaves the cell
– plasmolysis occurs

A

hypertonic environments

160
Q

how can cells lyse in hypotonic solution?

A

lysozyme breaks the bond bet N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
pennicillin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

161
Q

cells that lose a cell wall that may survive in isotonic environments

A

protoplasts
spheroplasts
mycoplasma

162
Q

does not produce a cell wall; plasma membrane more resistant to osmotic
pressure

A

mycoplasma

Microbiology Lec (5 decks)

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