Micro U2 L7.

Question 1

How are tumors able to evade the immune system?

Answer 1

no B7/CD28 costimulatory signal which causes T cels to become anergetic towards the tumor cells, make T-regulatory cells, show low levels MHC, up regulate CTLA-4

Question 2

What happens to highly immunogenic tumors?

Answer 2

able to be cleared by immune system

Question 3

What are the markers on t-regulatory cells?

Answer 3

CD4, CD25, FoxP3

Question 4

How do tumors induce t-regulatory cells?

Answer 4

upregulating TGF-B

Question 5

What are bacterial adjuvants?

Answer 5

BCG: attenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis - an intravascular treatment which invades tumor cells which are then killed by t cells - NON specific immunity

Question 6

What are the checkpoint inhibitor targets?

Answer 6

1. CTLA-4 inhibitor - normally upregulated by tumor and turn off T-cell - make an antibody against CTLA4 (which binds B7 with stronger affinity than CD28) so T cells are not turned off 2. PD1-PD1L inhibition - similar to CTLA-4 just different process - make antibodies against either

Question 7

What are different monoclonal antibodies that can be made against tumors?

Answer 7

tumor specific antibodies, tumor specific antibodies with toxin (internalized where toxin then kills from inside), tumor specific antibodies with radionucleotide - radiation then kills cell and neighboring cells

Question 8

Vaccines made against tumor cells

Answer 8

Provenge: tumor cells take up virus that has tumor genes - attack tumor with gene insertion. Listeria: intracellular bacteria - then targeted by T cells for killing

Question 9

Advantages of Listeria over virus as vaccine

Answer 9

as cells develop immunity, they will take up MORE listeria quicker