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Micro & Pathology > Micro Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Micro Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth

1
Q

two categories of essential nutrients

A

Macronutrients, micronutrients /trace elements

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2
Q

How do microbes survive environments?

A

Adaption-the-gradual process

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3
Q

Difference between macro & micro nutrients

A

Macro plays role in cell structure and metabolism and micro is involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

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4
Q

categorization of nutrients by carbon content?

A

organic and inorganic

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5
Q

Examples of organic and inorganic nutrients

A

Inorganic - water, metals, salts, gases
Organic - methane, carbs, lipids, proteins

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6
Q

chemical analysis of microbial cytoplasm

A

70% water & proteins

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7
Q

What are the 6 elements 96% of a cell is composed of?

A

SPONCH

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8
Q

The main determinants of a microbes nutritional type?

A

carbon and energy

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9
Q

Carbon sources

A

Heterotroph (dependent on other living things) & autotroph (self feeder CO2)

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10
Q

Energy sources

A

Chemotroph (chemical compounds) & Phototrophs (photosynthesis)

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11
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

use sunlight for energy and CO2 in the atmosphere to make organic compounds

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12
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

use sunlight for energy and relies on organic compounds for carbon

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13
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

use chemical compounds for energy and CO2 in the atmosphere to make organic compounds

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14
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

use chemical compounds for energy and relies on consuming organic compounds for carbon

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15
Q

lithoautotrophs

A

relies totally on inorganic materials and no sunlight

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16
Q

Saprobes

A

organisms that obtain nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter

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17
Q

Name the mineral ions and what their function

A

Calcium - stabilizer of the cell wall
Sodium - Cell transport
Potassium - protein synthesis & membrane function
Iron - cell respiration
Magnesium - in chlorophyll and stabilizes membrane & ribosomes
Zinc - eukaryotic genetics

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18
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

3 sodium + 1 ATP - ADP = P - 3 sodium + 2 K+ - P

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19
Q

Environmental factors to have most effect on microbial growth

A

Temp, pH, O2 and CO2, and pressure

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20
Q

3 groups of Prokaryotes based on optimum temp

A

Psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles

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21
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Optimum temp <15 degrees C; capable of growth at 0 degrees C

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22
Q

Mesophiles

A

Optimum temp = 20-40 degrees C (68-104 degrees F); most human pathogens (human temp is 37 degrees C)

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23
Q

Thermophiles

A

optimum temp >45 degrees C (113 degrees F)

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24
Q

Facultative

A

an organism that can grow under different conditions

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25
Q

Extremely reactive; produced by phagocytes to kill invading bacteria

A

Singlet oxygen, superoxide ion, peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals

26
Q

^1 O_2

A

Singlet Oxygen

27
Q

O_2-

A

Superoxide ion

28
Q

H_2 O_2

A

Peroxide

29
Q

OH-

A

Hydroxyl radicals

30
Q

Name the enzymes that neutralize the chemicals so the cells are safe from ultimate destruction

A

Superoxide dismutase & catalase

31
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

prokaryote the cannot grow without O2

32
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Prokaryotes that utilize O2 by can also grow without it (many gram - intestinal bacteria)

33
Q

Microaerophilic

A

Prokaryotes that only need a small amount of O2 (lives in host, water so that way they arent exposed to atmosphere)

34
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Prokaryotes that lack the enyzmes to detoxify O2 so therefore cannot survive in an O2 environment (many oral & intestinal bacteria)

35
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Prokaryotes that do not utilize O2 but can survive and grow in its presence

36
Q

Thioglycollate test

A

A medium test for anaerobic and aerobic bacteria; anaerobic floats to bottom and aerobic floats to top

37
Q

Capnophiles

A

Grow best at higher CO2 tension

38
Q

Alkalophiles

A

grow best >8.5pH

39
Q

Neutrophiles

A

grows 5-8 pH but 7 is optimal

40
Q

Acidophiles

A

grows best <5.5 pH

41
Q

Osmophiles

A

Lives in habitat with high solute concentration

42
Q

Halophiles

A

Osmophiles that prefer high concentrations of salt

43
Q

Barophiles

A

Microorganisms that can handle extreme pressure e.g. deep sea creatures

44
Q

Ecological associations among microorganisms

A

Either symbiotic or non-symbiotic

45
Q

Symbiotic

A

organisms that live together in close partnership

3 types: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

46
Q

Mutalism

A

Obligatory, dependent; both members benefit

47
Q

Commensalism

A

one member benefits while the other member is not harmed

48
Q

Parasitism

A

parasite is dependent and benefits while the other member (the host) is harmed

49
Q

Non-symbiotic

A

organisms are free-living and relationship is not required for survival

2 types: Synergism & Antagonism

50
Q

Synergism

A

Syntrophy; members cooperate to produce a result that none of them could do alone

51
Q

Antagonism

A

Amensalism; actions of one organism that affects the success/survival of others in the same community (competition)

52
Q

Symbiosis

A

A close partnership between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful, or neither to either member

53
Q

Binary fission

A

parent cell enlarges, duplicates its chromosome, and forms a protein central transverse septum dividing the cell into two identical daughter cells

54
Q

Generation/Doubling time

A

the length of time of a microbial species needs to divide

55
Q

The Growth Curve

A

4 phases:
Lag - production & preparation before division
Log/Exponential - cells are dividing at constant rate
Stationary - rate of cell growth = rate of cell death
Death - more cells die due to lack of nutrients

56
Q

Exponential Growth Equation

A

Original # of cells in the population (N _i) X # of generations (2^n) = # of cells in a population at this point in time (N_t)

N = starting number

57
Q

Turbidity

A

degree of cloudiness reflects the relative population size

58
Q

Viable/Standard Plate Count technique

A

traditional method used to observe population growth pattern where 1 colony represents 1 cell or CFU

59
Q

CFU

A

Colony Forming Unit

60
Q

Direct Cell Count

A

count all cells present, automated (Coulter counter) or manual

61
Q

Genetic probing

A

A variation of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can quantify bacteria without isolating or culture

Micro & Pathology (7 decks)

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