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Micro & Pathology > Micro Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Micro Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote

A

Prokaryotes are bacteria and eukaryote is yeast.

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2
Q

Does a prokaryote or eukaryote contain organelles?

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

Which ones stain evenly in tests? Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes. Eukaryotes stain unevenly.

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4
Q

Describe Staphylococcus aureus results from a gram stain

A

Gram positive cocci in clusters

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5
Q

Describe Bacillus results from a gram stain

A

large gram positive rod

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6
Q

Examples of fungi genus that have yeast species

A

Candida albicans, Saccaromyces and Rhodoturula

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7
Q

How do these fungi genus that have yeast species stain?

A

Gram positive (purple) and football shaped

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8
Q

How do yeasts reproduce

A

budding

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9
Q

What is the size of yeast in micrometers ?

A

5-8

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10
Q

What is the size of cocci in micro meters

A

1

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11
Q

What does Micrococcus luteus stain

A

gram positive cocci in tetrads

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12
Q

E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginoa

A

gram negative (pink) rods

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13
Q

What does it mean if something is enriched?

A

Means something is added to the plate to enhance bacterial growth

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14
Q

What does nonselective mean?

A

It means that the media will support the growth of both gram negative and gram positive organisms

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15
Q

What does selective mean?

A

Means that the media will limit growth by the addition of dyes and antibiotics; it enhances the growth of one type/group of bacteria

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16
Q

What does differential mean?

A

The plate contains a carbohydrate or property that will allow how to distinguish between organism types

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17
Q

Describe a sheep blood plate (BAP)

A

Nonselective (bc it grows both gram +/-), enriched (bc it contains 5% sheep’s blood), differential (based on hemolysis)

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18
Q

Describe a MacConkey agar plate

A

selective (gram - ), differential (for lactose fermentation), and not enriched

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19
Q

Describe ColumbiaCNA

A

enriched (contains blood), is selective (grows gram +), and differential (hemolysis)

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20
Q

Describe Nutrient agar

A

nonselective, not enriched (no blood added), not differential (cannot see how biochemicals used)

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21
Q

Alpha (green) hemolysis

A

partial hemolysis of RBC

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22
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

clearing; total hemolysios of RBC

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23
Q

Non hemolytic

A

No change; no effect on RBC

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24
Q

Describe Chocolate Agar

A

enriched and nonselective

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25
Q

What is a TSI (triple sugar iron) agar?

A

a nonselective differential slant that identifies organisms based on carb utilization

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26
Q

What is the purpose of immersion oil?

A

to minimize light scattering. Since light scattering is decreased, the image is clearer and sharper and has better contrast

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27
Q

As objectives increase, what decreases?

A

depth of field and field of view

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28
Q

Parfocal

A

If you are focused under on objective, you will be focused under the next with only minimal adjustment

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29
Q

Magnification

A

making a small object appear larger

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30
Q

Resolution

A

makes things look more distinct

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31
Q

Do gram stains require cover slips when viewing them under a microscope?

A

No but they may be used when trying to keep one for a long time

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32
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of a slant?

A

A slant is a good way to store bacteria but it is difficult to determine if the organism is mixed because of small surface area

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33
Q

What is an advantage of an agar plate?

A

More surface area; you can find isolated colonies

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34
Q

How can you tell if an organism is aerobic or anaerobic in a broth?

A

Anaerobic organisms grow towards the bottom of the tube. aerobic ogranisms grow near the top

35
Q

What is an advantage of a broth?

A

It allows for rapid and large volume growth

36
Q

What is the disadvantage of a broth?

A

all bacteria are mixed together

37
Q

What is a disadvantage of an agar plate?

A

some bacteria prefer a liquid environment to move around whereas an agar plate limits that

38
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

When RBS break open and release their contents (hemoglobin) into the surrounding fluid

39
Q

What is a deep used for?

A

storage

40
Q

What is an advantage of a deep?

A

It can demonstrate organism motility

41
Q

How can you tell if a bacteria is moving in a deep?

A

They swim out from the stab and the deep appears cloudy

42
Q

What tests can you use to judge the motility of a bacteria?

A

A deep or a wet prep

43
Q

What is a wet prep?

A

sample of fluid from the body mixed with special liquid and examined under a microscope

44
Q

What are the four culture medias used in microbiology?

A

a deep, a broth, a slant, and a plate

45
Q

Which culture media can be used to gage oxygen requirements?

A

Broths;the bacteria either swims up or down

46
Q

Difference between needle and a loop

A

a loop was used to pick up liquids and needle was used to stab media

47
Q

Specimen

A

a sample of something that is taken for scientific testing

48
Q

Depth of field

A

how sharp the specimen looks based on thickness

49
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Procedures to minimize contmaination

50
Q

What is a contaminant?

A

an unwanted substance that mixes with another substance making it impure

51
Q

What are the 3 purposes of aseptic technique?

A

Maintain integrity of samples, protect workers from contamination, protects lab equipment and work space

52
Q

At what temperature must you incubate bacteria for them to grow?

A

body temperature ( 35 C degrees)

53
Q

What would happen if you incubated bacteria at room temperature?

A

There would be less or minimal growth

54
Q

Escherichia coli (E.coli)

A

gram - (pink) rods

55
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

gram - rod, aerobic

56
Q

Micrococcus luteus

A

large gram + cocci in tetrads

57
Q

Why is it important to obtain isolated colonies?

A

One organism type needs to be shown to get an appropriate ID and sensitivity

58
Q

How should a spill be contained?

A

Cover the spill with a paper towel and soak the paper towel in 10% bleach. Let it sit for 5 min

59
Q

What is streaking used to obtain?

A

Isolated colonies

60
Q

How to quantitate growth by streak?

A

1+ is rare to few; 2+ is few; 3+ is moderate; 4+ is many or heavy growth

61
Q

What two types of contamination does a lab track?

A

% of respiratory specimens (spit has epithelial cells), % of contaminated blood cultures (skin bacteria)

62
Q

What are the steps to a gram stain test?

A

Crystal violet (primary stain), Grams iodine (mordant), Ethanol (decolorizer), Saffranin (counterstain)

63
Q

How to fix a slide?

A

with heat or flooding with methanol

64
Q

Which step in the gram stain test is sensitive on time?

A

The decolorizing step; also easy to overdecolorize

65
Q

What is a gram stain used for?

A

used to differentiate organisms based on their size and shape

66
Q

What happens to cells in older cultures?

A

They die; old cells cannot retain the crystal violet iodine complex

67
Q

Which genera do not stain easily with gram stain reagents and may appear gram variable because of this?

A

Actinomyes, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Mycrobacterium and Propionibacterium (acne)

68
Q

What is the purpose of mordants?

A

Fixes color into the cell; intensifies the color

69
Q

How does gram positive show purple?

A

Retains the iodine-crystal violet complex

70
Q

How does gram negative show pink?

A

Decolorizer washes out the crystal violet; saffranin (counterstain) stains it pink

71
Q

What is an acid fast smear?

A

A staining procedure which uses an increased concentration of phenol and fuchsin to dissolve the waxy cell wall

72
Q

What is used in an acid fast smear?

A

carbol fuchsin, decolorizer and methylene blue

73
Q

What color does an acid fast organism stain?

A

Pink; nonacid fast organisms stain blue

74
Q

Examples of some acid fast organisms

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycbacterium leprae and nocardia

75
Q

Whats the difference with acid fast cells?

A

They contain mycolic acid and have a waxy cell wall which makes them resistant to drying and disinfectants

76
Q

What is a commensal?

A

A microorganism that does not cause disease and it can live in harmony with its host

77
Q

Mycobacterium smegmatis

A

A gram + acid fast bacillus

78
Q

What bacteria is one of the most known killers of the world?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

79
Q

Rhodotorula

A

46 different species of yeast, found in environment and milk and juice, 3 are human pathogens

80
Q

Saccharomyces

A

a yeast single celled fungus that is not uniformed in shape

81
Q

What is the best way to look for yeast?

A

A gram stain

82
Q
A
83
Q

Staphylococcus Micrococcus

A

Gram and catalase +

Micro & Pathology (7 decks)

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