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Micro & Pathology > Micro Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Micro Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

Immunology

1
Q

Define immunology

A

The study of all features of the body’s second and third lines of defense towards infectious agents, allergies and cancer

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2
Q

What are WBCs looking for when theyre moving around the body?

A

Self and nonself

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3
Q

Neutrophils (WBCs)

A

cells made from bone marrow that go around the body

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4
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell is eating something; most common method of destruction

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5
Q

How are bacterias destroyed by the WBCs?

A

When a pathogen is engulfed by a WBC, it forms a phagosome, which fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome. The enzymes within the lysosome then destroy the pathogen

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6
Q

What do Markers/Antigens do?

A

Allows cells to identify new ones and then initiates a new response from the cells to destroy it

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7
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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8
Q

Bacterial PAMPs

A

peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide

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9
Q

What is a viral PAMP?

A

double stranded RNA

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10
Q

PRRs

A

Pattern recognition receptors that are used by phagocyte host cells during the second line of defense

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11
Q

Are all nonself proteins destroyed?

A

If they are not harmful, the immune system will signal the cells to react differently

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12
Q

MPS

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system

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13
Q

Reticulum

A

a support network of connective tissue fibers that permeate the tissues of the body by interconnecting cells and meshing with the connective tissues surrounding the organs

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14
Q

What is MPS?

A

Phagocytic cells that provide a passageway between tissues and organs and in direct contact with tissue cells and the extracellular fluid

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15
Q

Where are MPS found?

A

Thymus
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
Lymphoid tissue of the mucosa of the gut and respiratory tract

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16
Q

What are the WBCs in the MPS called?

A

Macrophages; they wait until an alien arrives to an MPS location

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17
Q

Innate defenses

A

Protections we are born with that protects against many pathogens

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18
Q

Adaptive defenses

A

Protections developed through life and are carried out by lymphocytes

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19
Q

First line of defense

A

Skin, mucous membranes, gastric acid

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20
Q

Second line of defense

A

Phagocytes, fever, antimicrobial proteins and inflammation

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21
Q

Types of Phagocytes

A

Neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages

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22
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolor
Loss of function

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23
Q

Rubor

A

redness caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissue

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24
Q

Calor

A

warmth caused by the heat given off from the increased blood flow

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25
Q

Tumor

A

swelling caused by fluid escaping into the tissues

26
Q

Dolor

A

Pain caused by the stimulation of nerve endings

27
Q

Stages of inflammation

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Increased permeability of blood vessels in the area
  • Phagocyte migration
  • Repair
28
Q

What happens during vasodilation?

A

Increased diameter of arterioles which causes redness and heat of skin area

29
Q

What happens during increased permeability of blood vessels?

A

The antibodies and clotting factors that were in the blood are allowed to leave which causes swelling and pain of area

30
Q

PYOgenic (not pyrogenic)

A

bacteria that stimulate the formation of pus

31
Q

Abscess

A

excessive pus in an enclosed space

32
Q

Ulcer

A

Inflamed tissue which is shed too many times at one site to form an open sore

33
Q

Exudates

A

fluids, cells, proteins or other substances that are released from blood vessels into tissues as a result of inflammation, infection, or injury

34
Q

Third line of defense

A

specific host defense (B cells, antibodies, T cells)

35
Q

How do cells determine which cells are self?

A

by interacting with other surface antigens

36
Q

Three main types of phagocytes

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

37
Q

What part of the brain is body temperature is controlled by?

A

Hypothalamus

38
Q

How do phagocytes recognizes PAMPs?

A

Phagocytes recognize PAMPs by binding them with PPRs.

39
Q

Exogenous pyrogens

A

substances that originate from outside the body and can induce fever when introduced into the body

40
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

substances that are naturally produced within the body in response to various stimuli, such as infection, inflammation, or tissue injury. They can also induce fever.

41
Q

What are three things a fever stimulates?

A

Immune system, hematopoiesis, and metabolism

42
Q

Interferons

A

small proteins produced by white blood cells and tissue cells in response to viral infection

43
Q

B-cell

A

bone marrow cell

44
Q

t-cell

A

Thymus cell

45
Q

Immunocompetence

A

when a person has the ability to react to countless antigens and form a protective immune response even without previous exposure

46
Q

What two macromolecules usually play as antigens?

A

proteins and polysaccharides

47
Q

Where are B and T cells constantly circulating through in the body?

A

Constantly recirculating through the circulatory system and lymphatics

48
Q

What type of organs are B and T cells migrating in and out of?

A

Lymphoid organs

49
Q

Antigen activated T cells give rise to

A

T regulatory cells
Cytotoxic cells
T helper cells

50
Q

Helper T cells (CD4)

A

Activate macrophages & cytotoxic cells
Assist B-cell process

51
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Controls the T cell response

52
Q

Cytotoxic Cells (CD8)

A

Leads to the destruction of infected host cells and other foreign cells

53
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

produce and secrete antibodies and inactivate the antigen

54
Q

What 3 cells do B cells differentiate into?

A

Regulatory, plasma, and memory cells

55
Q

Regulatory B cells

A

secretes cytokine IL-10 to help stop the response of inflammatory mechanisms

56
Q

Natural Immunity

A

any immunity that is acquired during normal biological experiences of an individual

57
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Protection from infection obtained through medical procedures (vaccines)

58
Q

Active immunity

A

When a patient receives an antigen that activates B and T cells causing memory cells to activate and respond

59
Q

Passive immunity

A

when a patient receives antibodies that were produces actively in the body of another donor

60
Q

Gamma globulin or IVIG

A

A substance used for passive immunization that contains immunoglobulin (antibodies) extracted from the pooled blood of many human donors
(particularly those involving immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases)

61
Q

What does a vaccine involve?

A

the inoculation with antigens from a specific pathogen

62
Q

The Complement System

A

proteins in blood that are activated to enhance immune, allergic and inflammatory reactions

Micro & Pathology (7 decks)

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