Micro Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
Metabolism in Bacteria,
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell (making and using energy)
What are the two types of metabolism?
Catabolism, anabolism
Catabolism
chemical reactions that releases energy (ATP & reduced coenzymes) to BREAK DOWN large molecules into smaller ones
Catabolic reactions: Krebs cycle, glycolysis, fermentation
Anabolism (biosynthesis)
chemical reactions that use energy to BUILD larger cell structures
Anabolic reactions: Polypeptide synthesis & cell assembly
Enzymes
protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation
Energy of activation
an energy barrier that represents the minimum amount of energy needed in order for a chemical reaction to occur
Purpose of enzymes
Provide a site for specific reactions to happen
Substrates
The molecules that attach to the active site of an enzyme molecule
Whats the common suffix for enzymes?
-ase
Holoenzyme
An enzyme structure that can consist both protein and non protein molecules
Process of chemical reaction with enzymes
each new substrate is the product of the previous reaction which leads to the formation of a new product
Simple enzyme
Consists of proteins only
Apoenzyme
the protein part of an enzyme
What is the non-protein portion called?
Cofactors
Two types of cofactors
Metallic (iron, copper, magnesium)
Coenzymes (vitamins)
Catalase
An enzyme with an iron cofactor that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
What are the structures of an enzyme?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and some quaternary
Active Site
Where substrate binds to enzyme and represent a “Lock & Key” rule
What happens when an appropriate reaction occurs?
It develops and is released by the enzyme
What factors of an organism’s habitat do enzymes operate under?
Temperature, radiation, electricity, pH, and the osmotic pressure
What happens if enzymes are made to change because of the organisms habitat?
They become unstable and metabolic function fails which leads to cell death
Denaturation
When the shape of the enzyme is no longer maintained and the bonds break making the enzyme no longer functional
Exoenzymes
They leave the cells to break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals
Endoenzymes
Stay inside the cell
Are majority enzymes endoenzymes or exoenzymes?
Endoenzymes
Virulence Factors
molecules produced by pathogens that help the pathogens to invade host tissues, evade the host immune response, and cause damage to host cells or tissues
Why do pathogens use exoenzymes?
To help them evade host defenses
Forms of energy
thermal, radiant, electrical, mechanical, atomic, and chemical
What chemical energy is used?
Energy transfers from ADP to ATP which stores energy to be released
What are the 3 catabolic pathways that convert glucose to CO2 and give off energy?
Glycolysis,Kreb’s, and ETC
Krebs Cycle
a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions
Glycolysis
series of oxidation reactions which means electrons are being removed; splitting sugar
Pathway of aerobic respiration
glycolysis, transition, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain; oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Pathway of anaerobic respiration
glycolysis, transition, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain; oxygen is not the final electron acceptor
Pathway of Fermentation
Glycolysis only; organic compounds are the final electron acceptors
Why is fermentation important?
The microbes can grow just as fast without producting ATP by increasing the rate of glycolysis; leads to production of beer wine bread
Which pathway represents burning fat at the gym for energy?
Catabolic pathway
What are components of the bacterial cell?
Carbs, proteins, lipids
6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
trap sunlight and use it to produce high-energy glucose from low energy CO2 and water.
Aerobic Respiration
transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen via ETC
Reduced coenzyme (NADH & FADH)
found in all living cells and represent electron carriers for ETC
Electron Transport Chain
series of proteins and carriers embedded in the cell membrane and uses electron flow to pass the electrons from one molecule to the next
Fermentation
the incomplete breakdown of glucose due the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system
Lipases
enzymes that breaks down fatty acids a glycerol
