Micro Lecture Exam 2

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell (making and using energy)

Question 2

What are the two types of metabolism?

Answer 2

Catabolism, anabolism

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

chemical reactions that releases energy (ATP & reduced coenzymes) to BREAK DOWN large molecules into smaller ones

Catabolic reactions: Krebs cycle, glycolysis, fermentation

Question 4

Anabolism (biosynthesis)

Answer 4

chemical reactions that use energy to BUILD larger cell structures

Anabolic reactions: Polypeptide synthesis & cell assembly

Question 5

Enzymes

Answer 5

protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation

Question 6

Energy of activation

Answer 6

an energy barrier that represents the minimum amount of energy needed in order for a chemical reaction to occur

Question 7

Purpose of enzymes

Answer 7

Provide a site for specific reactions to happen

Question 8

Substrates

Answer 8

The molecules that attach to the active site of an enzyme molecule

Question 9

Whats the common suffix for enzymes?

Answer 9

-ase

Question 10

Holoenzyme

Answer 10

An enzyme structure that can consist both protein and non protein molecules

Question 11

Process of chemical reaction with enzymes

Answer 11

each new substrate is the product of the previous reaction which leads to the formation of a new product

Question 12

Simple enzyme

Answer 12

Consists of proteins only

Question 13

Apoenzyme

Answer 13

the protein part of an enzyme

Question 14

What is the non-protein portion called?

Answer 14

Cofactors

Question 15

Two types of cofactors

Answer 15

Metallic (iron, copper, magnesium)
Coenzymes (vitamins)

Question 16

Catalase

Answer 16

An enzyme with an iron cofactor that breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Question 17

What are the structures of an enzyme?

Answer 17

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and some quaternary

Question 18

Active Site

Answer 18

Where substrate binds to enzyme and represent a “Lock & Key” rule

Question 19

What happens when an appropriate reaction occurs?

Answer 19

It develops and is released by the enzyme

Question 20

What factors of an organism’s habitat do enzymes operate under?

Answer 20

Temperature, radiation, electricity, pH, and the osmotic pressure

Question 21

What happens if enzymes are made to change because of the organisms habitat?

Answer 21

They become unstable and metabolic function fails which leads to cell death

Question 22

Denaturation

Answer 22

When the shape of the enzyme is no longer maintained and the bonds break making the enzyme no longer functional

Question 23

Exoenzymes

Answer 23

They leave the cells to break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals

Question 24

Endoenzymes

Answer 24

Stay inside the cell

Question 25

Are majority enzymes endoenzymes or exoenzymes?

Answer 25

Endoenzymes

Question 26

Virulence Factors

Answer 26

molecules produced by pathogens that help the pathogens to invade host tissues, evade the host immune response, and cause damage to host cells or tissues

Question 27

Why do pathogens use exoenzymes?

Answer 27

To help them evade host defenses

Question 28

Forms of energy

Answer 28

thermal, radiant, electrical, mechanical, atomic, and chemical

Question 29

What chemical energy is used?

Answer 29

Energy transfers from ADP to ATP which stores energy to be released

Question 30

What are the 3 catabolic pathways that convert glucose to CO2 and give off energy?

Answer 30

Glycolysis,Kreb’s, and ETC

Question 31

Krebs Cycle

Answer 31

a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions

Question 32

Glycolysis

Answer 32

series of oxidation reactions which means electrons are being removed; splitting sugar

Question 33

Pathway of aerobic respiration

Answer 33

glycolysis, transition, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain; oxygen is the final electron acceptor

Question 34

Pathway of anaerobic respiration

Answer 34

glycolysis, transition, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain; oxygen is not the final electron acceptor

Question 35

Pathway of Fermentation

Answer 35

Glycolysis only; organic compounds are the final electron acceptors

Question 36

Why is fermentation important?

Answer 36

The microbes can grow just as fast without producting ATP by increasing the rate of glycolysis; leads to production of beer wine bread

Question 37

Which pathway represents burning fat at the gym for energy?

Answer 37

Catabolic pathway

Question 38

What are components of the bacterial cell?

Answer 38

Carbs, proteins, lipids

Question 39

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Answer 39

trap sunlight and use it to produce high-energy glucose from low energy CO2 and water.

Question 40

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 40

transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen via ETC

Question 41

Reduced coenzyme (NADH & FADH)

Answer 41

found in all living cells and represent electron carriers for ETC

Question 42

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 42

series of proteins and carriers embedded in the cell membrane and uses electron flow to pass the electrons from one molecule to the next

Question 43

Fermentation

Answer 43

the incomplete breakdown of glucose due the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system

Question 44

Lipases

Answer 44

enzymes that breaks down fatty acids a glycerol