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FIRST AID RANDOM DETAILS > micro details > Flashcards

micro details Flashcards

1
Q

what virulence factor allows E coli to cause neonatal meningitis?

A

K-capsule (usually K-1)– inhibs complement, phagocytosis and other host response. (the capsule = immunogenic and Abs = protective)

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2
Q

why are B-cells not very effective agst TB?

A

facultative IC org–mainly reside w/in Macrophages

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3
Q

major toxin of C. Diptheria works by…

A

inactivates EF-2 via ribosylation, thus inhibiting host-cell prot synth

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4
Q

major tox in of C. Diptheria = closest to what other toxin?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A- inactivates EF-2 via ribosylation, thus inhib host-cell prot synth

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5
Q

How does the Pertussis toxin work?

A

Disinhibits adenylate cyclase via Gi ADP ribosylation, increasing cAMP production in host cell; causes increased histamine sensitivity and phagocyte dysfunc

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6
Q

How does Cholera toxin work?

A

Activates adenylate cyclase via Gs ADP ribosylation, increasing cAMP production in the host cell; causes secretory diarrhea, dehydration & electrolyte deposition

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7
Q

which toxin increases cAMP by Gi ADP ribosylation?

A

Pertussis

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8
Q

which toxin increases cAMP by Gs ADP ribosylation?

A

Cholera

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9
Q

which toxins are AB toxins where the B subunit induces receptor mediated endocytosis/internalization of a toxin by enterocytes and the A subunit catalyses the removal of an Adenosine residue, which prevents binding of tRNA to the 60S ribosomal subunit/inhib prot synth?

A

Shigella toxin and shiga-like-toxin (E. Coli)

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10
Q

Name 6 common illnesses caused by lysogenic phages

A
  1. HUS (shiga-like-toxin)
  2. TTP (shiga-like toxin)
  3. Botulism
  4. cholera
  5. diptheria
  6. Toxic shock-like sysdrome (S. pyogenes)
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11
Q

which bact. = assoc. w/fever, abdo pain, diarrhea and faintly erythematous macules on abdo called “rose spots”

A

salmonella typhi - typhoid fever

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12
Q

What are the virulence factors acquired by specialized transduction?

A

REMEMBER– “specialized transduction = lysogenic phage!”

  • COBEDS
    1) Cholera
    2) O-toxin from salmonella
    3) Botulism
    4) Exotoxins (STLS from Strep pyog)
    5) Diptheria
    6) Shiga-like-toxin (causes HUS and TTP)
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13
Q

Name 6 common illnesses caused by lysogenic phages

A
  1. HUS (shiga-like-toxin)
  2. TTP (shiga-like toxin)
  3. Botulism
  4. cholera
  5. diptheria
  6. Toxic shock-like sysdrome (S. pyogenes)
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14
Q

what is specialized transduction?

A

DNA being introduced from lysogenic phages (they integrate into DNA, and when they leave, they accidentally take some of the original bacteria with them. When they move on to the next bacteria, they infect that bacteria with the old host bacteria).

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15
Q

What are the virulence factors acquired by specialized transduction?

A

REMEMBER– “specialized transduction = lysogenic phage!”

  • COBEDS
    1) Cholera
    2) O-toxin from salmonella
    3) Botulism
    4) Exotoxins (STLS from Strep pyog)
    5) Diptheria
    6) Shiga-like-toxin (causes HUS and TTP)
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16
Q

LPS is also called…

A

endotoxin

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17
Q

what is the toxic part of LPS?

A

lipid A

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18
Q

name 3 bacterial toxins that interfere w/ protein synthesis:

A
  1. Diptheria Corneybacterium
  2. Pseudomonas exotox
  3. Shigella (shigella-like)
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19
Q

many exotoxins are AB toxins where the A portion ______ and the B portion _____

A

A: active portion of toxin
B: Binds to cell receptor

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20
Q

name 4 bacterial toxins that result in increased cAMP (associated w/fluid moving into another space)

A

I like cAMPing BC it’s ChEAP

  1. B. Cerius (heat labile enterotox- activate adenylate cyclase)
  2. C. Jejuni (enterotox- activate adenylate cyclase)
  3. CHolera (cholera tox- ADP ribosylation activates Gs- activates adenylate cyclase)
  4. . ETEC (heat labile toxin, activates Gs)
  5. Anthrax (edema factor- intrinsic adenylate cyclase activity in toxin)
  6. Pertussis (ADP ribos. INACTIVATES Gi)
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21
Q

name 3 bacterial toxins that interfere w/ protein synthesis:

A
  1. Diptheria
  2. Shigella (shigella-like)
  3. Pseudomonas exotox
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22
Q

Haemophilus grows on…

A

chocolate Agar- w/factors 5 and 10

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23
Q

what grows on Thayer Martin media?

A

Gonorrhea– you have too many martinis, you can get gonorrhea

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24
Q

pertussis grows on…

A

Bordet-genou (a potato medium!)

BORDETella Pertussis

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25
Q

Diptheria grows on

A

Tellurite

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26
Q

What grows on MacConkey agars?

A

lactose-fermenting GN

contains bile salts that prevent GP from growing

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27
Q

What grows on Charcoal yeast extract w/cysteine?

A

Legionella

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28
Q

Legionella grows on…

A

Charcoal yeast extract w/cysteine

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29
Q

Fungi grows on…

A

Sabaraud agar

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30
Q

4 antibact that inhib cell wall…

A
  1. Penicillins
    2 Cephalosporins
  2. Vancomycin
  3. Carbapenims
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31
Q

which has an outer membrane, GN or GP?

A

GN

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32
Q

which has LPS, GN or GP?

A

GN

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33
Q

which has thick peptidoglycan layer, GP or GN?

A

GP

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34
Q

which stains pink, GP or GN? and which stains purple?

A 
pink = GN
purple = GP
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35
Q

which has cytoplasmic membrane, GP or GN?

A

both!

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36
Q

which has teichoic acid, , GP or GN?

A

GP– used for attachment

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37
Q

which stains pink, GP or GN? and which stains purple?

A 
pink = GN
purple = GP
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38
Q

which genetic mechanism(s) (Hfr, Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation) requires a phage?

A

transduction

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39
Q

which genetic mechanism(s) requires homologous recombination?

A

Hfr
Transduction
Transformation

(all forms where new DNA = being incorp into chromosomal DNA)

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40
Q

which genetic mechanism(s) (Hfr, Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation) requires naked DNA

A

transformation

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41
Q

which bacteria are transformation competent?

A

SHiN bacteria
S. pneumo
HiB
Neisseria

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42
Q

which genetic mechanism(s) (Hfr, Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation) requires oriT + tra for transfer of genetic material?

A

conjugation (plasmid w/transposon on board)

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43
Q

which genetic mechanism(s) (Hfr, Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation) requires oriT for transfer of genetic material?

A

Hfr and conjugation

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44
Q

what is oriT?

A

Origin of Transfer:
short DNA seq. necessary for transfer of a bacterial plasmid/chromosomal DNA from a bacterial host to recipient during bacterial conjugation. (The oriT is cis-acting - it is found on the same plasmid that is being transferred, and is transferred along with the plasmid. The origin of transfer consists of three functionally defined domains: a nicking domain, a transfer domain, and a termination domain.)

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45
Q

which genetic mechanism(s) (Hfr, Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation) requires oriT + tra for transfer of genetic material?

A

conjugation (plasmid w/transposon on board)

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46
Q

majority of multi-drug resistant orgs arise from what genetic mech?

A

conjugation

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47
Q

3 bact causes of typical pneumonias (gen represented as older, really sick people w/lobar pneumonia)

A
  1. strep pneumo
  2. HiB
  3. S. aureus
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48
Q

txt diptheria w/

A

penicillin (or erythromycin if penicillin allergy) + antitoxin

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49
Q

two unique things about mycoplasma pneumoniae and Ureaplasma

A
  1. no cell wall!

2. uses sterols in cell membrane

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50
Q

super sick kid, not vaccinated (immigrant/vac. status unknown), bull neck (LAD), psudomembrane

A

Diptheria!

corney bacterium diptheria

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51
Q

txt diptheria w/

A

penicillin, antitoxin + vaccine

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52
Q

how do you txt strep throat from S. pyogenes?

A

penicillin

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53
Q

how does sinusitis present?

A

after viral ifxn, sinus pain, head congestion, frontal tenderness/maxillary tenderness

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54
Q

otitis externa- ear pain = assoc. w/what 2 bugs?

A
  1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa– from SWIMMING IN INFECTED WATER
  2. S. aureus

P.S. my ear hurts!!!

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55
Q

how can you tell if sinusitis = caused by anaerobe?

A

smelly bc they make H2S

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56
Q

how does sinusitis present?

A

after viral ifxn, sinus pain, head congestion, frontal tenderness/maxillary tenderness

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57
Q

otitis externa- ear pain = assoc. w/what 2 bugs?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa– from SWIMMING IN INFECTED WATER
S. aureus

P.S. my ear hurts!!!

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58
Q

Pseudomonas causes what two things from being in water too long?

A

Otitis externa

Hot tub folliculitis

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59
Q

diarhea from shigella is ALWAYS…

A

BLOODY!! (bacillary dysentery)

- SHit i’m BLEEDING from SHigella

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60
Q

what is the most common bacterial diarrhea, and it comes from spoiled chicken?

A

C. jejuni

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61
Q

salmonella is associated w/which foods?

A

chicken and egg products

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62
Q

diarhea from shigella is ALWAYS…

A

BLOODY!! (bacillary dysentery)

- SHit i’m BLEEDING from SHigella

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63
Q

B. cereus = assoc w/

A

reheating rice (chinese food, etc)

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64
Q

C. perfringens = assoc w/what food

A

reheated meat

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65
Q

vibrio cholerae = assoc. w/what food?

A

seafood

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66
Q

what is assoc w/ honey in babies?

A

C. botulinum —> neurotoxin, can’t release ACh

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67
Q

ifxn w/EHEC commonly causes what 2 extraGI things?

A

HUS
TTP
(O157:H7 Shiga-like toxin)

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68
Q

0157:H7

A

EHEC- shiga-like toxin

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69
Q

undercooked hamburgers = commonly assoc w/

A

EHEC

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70
Q

ifxn w/EHEC commonly causes what 2 extraGI things?

A

HUS
TTP
(O157:H7 Shiga-like toxin)

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71
Q

what bact = assoc w/UTI and grows red, maraschino-cherry like colonies?

A

serratia marascens

72
Q

most common cause of UTI

A

E coli

73
Q

which common cause of UTI = assoc. w/swarming on agar and struvite stones?

A

Proteus

74
Q

most common cause of osteomyelitis in people w/out sickle cell?
people w/sickle cell?

A

w/out: s. aureus

with: salmonella

75
Q

itchy, strawberry cervix and parasites that swim on wet mount =

A

trichomonas vaginitis

the itchy TRICky VAGINITIS

76
Q

painful chancroid…

A

haemoph. ducrei

77
Q

possitive wiff test (KOH smells like fish) assoc w/

A

bacterial vaginosis

bact. vaginOsis smells w/kOh

78
Q

itchy, strawberry cervix and parasites that swim on wet mount =

A

trichomonas vaginitis

the itchy TRICky VAGINITIS

79
Q

painful chancroid…

A

haemoph. ducrei

80
Q

most common cause of meningitis in newborn

A

GBS&raquo_space;E. Coli&raquo_space; Listeria (crosses placenta)

81
Q

most common cause of men. > 40yo

A

S. pneumo > N. Men > > > listeria

82
Q

most common cause of meningitis in 3mo - 5 years in vacc. kid

A

S. pneumo

83
Q

why can’t you txt mycoplasma pneumoniae w/beta-lactams?

A

bc no cell wall!!!

84
Q

if someone has a penicillin allergy, what do you txt diptheria w?

A

antitoxin + erythromycin

85
Q

if something grows on sabaroud agar, you know that it’s what?

A

a fungi! (ie eliminate anything that’s not a fungi from your answer choices)

86
Q

S. pneumo and Haemophilus = most common causes of what two things, regardless of vaccination status

A
  1. sinusitis
  2. otitis media

** bc S.Pneumo has sooo many serotypes, and it’s generally NOT the HiB serotype that causes sinusitis or otitis media, so vac doesn’t protect agst them.

87
Q

if someone has a penicillin allergy, what do you txt diptheria w?

A

antitoxin + erythromycin

88
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa —> otitis externa in what two scenarios?

A
  1. swimmer’s ear

2. diabetic

89
Q

S. pneumo and Haemophilus = most common causes of what two things, regardless of vaccination status

A
  1. sinusitis
  2. otitis media

** bc S.Pneumo has sooo many serotypes, and it’s generally NOT the HiB serotype that causes sinusitis or otitis media, so vac doesn’t protect agst them.

90
Q

thin, watery, malodorous discharge from the vagina =

A

bacterial vaginosis

91
Q

frothy, green discharge from the vagina

A

trichomonas vaginalis

92
Q

meningitis vaccine = what kind?

A

conjugate– capsule + protein —> allows T-cell/memory response

93
Q

is campylobacter jejuni invasive or toxin mediated?

A

invasive

94
Q

is salmonella invasive?

A

yes

95
Q

is Shigella invasive, toxin mediated, or both?

A

both– it invades and then secretes exotox that inhibs prot. synth!

96
Q

is EHEC invasive?

A

no, toxin mediated

97
Q

is C. Botulinum invasive?

A

no, toxin mediated

98
Q

“ground glass” appearance of HEPATOCYTES (finely granular, eosinophilic) = assoc w/what virus?

A

HBV– fine cytoplasmic granules of HbSAg

99
Q

is EHEC invasive?

A

no, toxin mediated

100
Q

chronic HBV causes what morphologic changes to hepatocytes?

A

ballooning degen, hepatocyte necrosis, portal inflammation, and the cytoplasm = filled w/sheres/tubules of HbsAg– finely granular, eosinophilic “ground glass”

101
Q

“ground glass” appearance of HEPATOCYTES (finely granular, eosinophilic) = assoc w/what virus?

A

HBV– fine cytoplasmic granules of HbSAg

102
Q

lymphoid aggregates w/in the portal tracts + focal areas of macrovescicular steatosis in Hepatocytes?

A

HCV

103
Q

mushrooms (like Amanita phalloides, known as the death cap) are taken to the liver where they have what toxic effect?

A

inhib mRNA synth

Mushrooms inhib Mrna synth, by binding RNA polym II

104
Q

4 species of GP rods

A
  1. corneybacterium
  2. listeria
  3. Bacillus (like B. Cerius)
  4. Clostridium
105
Q

hemolytic pattern on blood agar:

Staph aureus?

A

beta

106
Q

hemolytic pattern on blood agar: S. epidermidis

A

gamma

107
Q

hemolytic pattern on blood agar: S. saprophyticus

A

gamma

108
Q

hemolytic pattern on blood agar: Strep Pyogenes (GAS)

A

beta

109
Q

hemolytic pattern on blood agar: GBS

A

beta

110
Q

hemolytic pattern on blood agar: Strep Pneumo

A

alpha

111
Q

hemolytic pattern on blood agar: Strep mutans

A

alpha

112
Q

hemolytic pattern on blood agar: Strep Bovis

A

gamma

113
Q

Protein A is made by _____ and does what?

A

S. Aureus- binds Fc portion of IgG —> inhibs opsonization/phag

114
Q

bugs most likely to cause endocarditis on elderly person w/artificial heart valve?

A

S. epidermitis– makes biofilm that sticks to valve

Strep viridans– makes dextrans that bind to fibrin

115
Q

Do GP or GN form spores?

A

ONLY GP!!

116
Q

only GP that has LPS?

A

Listeria

117
Q

What distinguishes btwn catales neg, GP cocci in chains that are alpha hemolytic?

A

optochin

sensitive: S. pneumo
resistant: S. viridans (sanguis and mutans)

118
Q

what distinguishes btwn catalase neg, GP cocci in chains that are Beta-hemolytic?

A

bacitracin:
Resistant: GBS
sensitive: GAS

119
Q

what distinguishes btwn catalase neg, gamma hemolytic GPCs?

A

growth in NaCl
E. faecalis: can grow
S. bovis: doesn’t grow

120
Q

if something is cagulase + what does that mean?

A

can coagulate– ie make an abcess, wall itself off w/fibrin (S. aureus)

121
Q

is S. pyogenes quellun +

A

yes– has a capsule, and it swells in vitro

122
Q

S. mutans = assoc w/

A

dental carries– bacteremia after a dental procedure —> subacute endocarditis bc S. mutans makes dextrose/binds fibrin

123
Q

what is number 1 cause of pneumonia in adults > 60, #1 cause of meningitis in adults and #1 cause of otitis media in kids?

A

S. pneumo

124
Q

txt for S. pneumo?

A

macrolides, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin

125
Q

child vaccine for S. pneumo is a…

A

conjugate vaccine- 7 serotypes + prot

126
Q

adult vaccine for S. pneumo has

A

23 serotypes

127
Q

the capsule of S. pyogenes is made of…

A

hyaluronic acid

128
Q

Major virulence factore for GAS

A

M prot- cleaves C3 convertase which inhibs complement cascade/opsonization

129
Q

Txt for vanc. resistant enterococci (VRE)

A

linezolid, streptogrammins

130
Q

twt listeria w

A

ampicillin and gentamycin for IC

131
Q

xt C. diptheria w/

A

antitoxin + ERYTHROMYCIN

132
Q

gray membrane, myocarditis and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy = consistent w/

A

diptheria

133
Q

vaccine for diptheria =

A

toxoid

134
Q

what are the aerobic, spore forming GP rods?

A

B. cereus and B. Anthracis

135
Q

which is the motile aerobic, spore forming, GP rod- B. cereus or B. Anthracis?

A

B. cereus

136
Q

two toxins in B, cerus?

A

heat stable exotoxin: vomiting/increase cAMP

heat labile: diarrhea

137
Q

3 toxins in B anthracis

A
  1. protective Ag
  2. Lethal factor
  3. Edema factor (an adenylate cyclase)
138
Q

what is cause of painless skin ulcer, a black eschar w/ significant local edema

A

B. Anthracis

139
Q

txt for anthrax

A
  1. cipro

2. doxycycline

140
Q

3 motile, spore-forming, anaerobic GPR

A

C. tetani
C. botulinim
C. diff

141
Q

non-motile, spore-forming anaerobic GPR?

A

C. perfringens

142
Q

txt for C. tetani

A

toxoid vaccine, hyperimmune globulin, penicillin plus spasmoytic

143
Q

txt for infant botulism

A

human IvIG

144
Q

txt for adult botulism?

A

antitoxin + penicillin

145
Q

txt for C. diff?

A

change/stop abx

146
Q

txt for C perfringrens

A

Penicillin G +/- clindamycin, plus debridement

147
Q

what grows on egg yolk agar?

A

C. perfringens

148
Q

txt C. diff w?

A

metronidazole/oral vanco

149
Q

metronidazole = used to txt…

A
  1. things w/flagella

2. anearobes below diaphragm

150
Q

2 non-spore forming GPR

A
  1. nocardia (soil)

2. actinomyces (mouth)

151
Q

only bacterium w/a polypeptide capsule?

A

B. Anthracis

152
Q

what two toxins increase cAMP by ribosylating Gs, leading to increased adenylate cyclase activity? Which increases cAMP by inhibiting Gi?

A

Cholera and ETEC heat labile toxin —> Gs

Pertussis inhibs Gi

153
Q

The EHEC/verotoxin works by…

A

inhibiting the 60s ribosomal subunit

154
Q

2 types of cutaenous mycoses

A 
dermatophytosis (ring worm- MET)
pitryiasis versicolor (turns skin white Malassezia furfur)
155
Q

3 types of dermatophytes (aka ringworm)

A

i MET keith and he gave me a RING

Microsporum
Epidermophyton
Trichophyton

156
Q

txt for Enterobius Vermicularis (aka pinworm)?

A

mBENDazole– like you have to BEND over to scratch your ass

157
Q

mycoses w/systemic involvement (most often affecting lungs)

A

histoplasmosis, coccidiodoses, blastomycoses, paracoccidioses

158
Q

opportunistic mycoses

A

candida, aspergillus, mucor/rhizopus

159
Q

aspergillus- acute or wide angle? septate or aseptate?

A

Acute (less than 45) w/septae

160
Q

mucor- acute or wide angle? septae or asept?

A

wide angle (90) and aseptae

161
Q

malassezia furfur gives you what presentation?

A

cutaneous mycoses that turns your skin white (petryasis versicolor/aka tinea versicolor)

162
Q

“spaghetti and meatballs” morphology on KOH prep refers to…

A

malassezia furfur– gives you tinea versicolor- a cutaneous ifxn which turns your skin white

163
Q

How does malassezia furfur turn your skin white?

A

produces acids that damage melanocytes and cause hypopigmented patches

164
Q

txt malassezia furfur (cutaneous mycose: tinea versicolor- turns skin white bc damage to melanocytes)

A

miconazole, selenium sulfide (selsun)

165
Q

in p. vivax/p.ovale what is the form that infects RBCs?

A

MAROzoites

–“marrow”zoites infect RBCs which come from marrow

166
Q

what is unique about P. vivax/P.ovale?

A

latent form– Hypnazoites that infect Hepatocytes

167
Q

chloroquine txts what part of P. vivax/P.ovale ifxn. What does it not txt?

A

txts marozoites in Q

DOES NOT TXT latent Hypnazoites in Hepatocytes– need primaquine for that

168
Q

why is primaquine added to chloroquine txt of P. vivax/P.ovale?

A

to kill latent hypnazoites in hepatocytes

169
Q

neutropenic pts (esp assoc w/leukemia/lymphoma) are at risk for which mycoses?

A

aspergillus fumigatus

170
Q

ABCDEFGs of corneybacterium diptheriae

A 
Adp-ribosylates
Bacterial phage
Corneybacterium
Diptheriae
Elongation-
Factor 2
Granules (metochromatic blue and red w/aniline dyes)
171
Q

major risk w/corneybacterium diptheriae?

A

myocarditis- cardiomyopathy = most common COD

172
Q

what ferments lactose on MacConkee?

A

macConKEE’S

  1. Citrobacter
  2. Kliebsiella
  3. E. coli
  4. Enterobacter
  5. Serratia
173
Q

EMB agar?

A

lactose fermenting– grows purple/black. E.coli grows purple/green

174
Q

what inhibits entry of Vanco and Penn G in GN?

A

outer membrane layer

175
Q

GN bacilli = resistant to Pen G. but may be susceptible to…

A

Penicillin derivs ampicillin and amoxicillin

176
Q

does Neisseria Gon. have a polysach capsule? What about N. Meningitidis?

A

N. GoNO: NO

N. Menin: yes

177
Q

Fits-Hug- Curtis…

A

RUQ pain from liver capsule inf due to N. Gon.

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