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Neurology > Micro-anatomy (Neurotransmitters & Neuromodulators) (FS - Week 1) > Flashcards

Micro-anatomy (Neurotransmitters & Neuromodulators) (FS - Week 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (Ach)?

A

Function - memory and learning

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2
Q

What receptors does Acetylcholine activate

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

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3
Q

What is the drug target of Acetylcholine

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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4
Q

What is the function of neurotransmitter Glutamate

A

Major excitatory

learning and memory and long-term potentiation

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5
Q

What is the drug target of glutamate

A

Alzheimer’s disease related to glutamate mediated excitotoxicity

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6
Q

What receptors does glutamate activate

A
  • Ligand-gated ion channels
    (AMPA, NMDA, Kainate)
  • GPCRs
    (Group 1, 2, 3)
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7
Q

What is the function of GABA

A

major inhibitory

mediates neurotransmission in local circuit interneurons

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8
Q

What is the drug target of GABA

A

Anxiety disorders

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9
Q

What receptors does GABA activate

A

GABAa

GABAb

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10
Q

What is the neurotransmitter Dopamine’s function

A
  • initiating voluntary movement

- reward and reinforcing behaviours

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11
Q

What is the drug target of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

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12
Q

What receptors does dopamine activate

A

GPCRs

subtypes D1-D5

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13
Q

What is the function of serotonin

A
  • sleep
  • wakefulness
  • mood
  • emotional behaviours
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14
Q

What is a drug target of serotonin

A

depression

anxiety

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15
Q

What receptors does serotonin activate

A

GPCRs
5-HT1/2/4/5/6/7
(5-HT3 exempt as it’s a LGIC)

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16
Q

What is the function of noradrenaline

A

major transmitter in sympathetic nervous system

  • attention
  • arousal
  • sleep
  • wakefulness
17
Q

What receptors does Noradrenaline activate

A

GPCRs
a-noradrenergic
b-noradrenergic

18
Q

What is the drug target of noradrenaline

A

anxiety

19
Q

What are neurohormones

A

chemical messengers that are produced and released by neurons to subsequently function as hormones

20
Q

Oxytocin and vasopressin are examples of which type of neurohormones

A

protein and peptide hormones

21
Q

Noradrenaline and dopamine are examples of which type of neurohormones

A

amino acids

22
Q

Cortisol and aldosterone are examples of which type of neurohormones

A

steroid hormones

23
Q

What is the peripheral function of oxytocin

A

acts on mammary glands to stimulate lactation

acts on the uterus to stimulate contractions

24
Q

What is the peripheral function of vasopressin

A

acts on blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction

acts on kidneys to regulate water retention

25
Q

What is meant by diffuse neuromodulatory systems

A

systems of the CNS that project widely and diffusely to large areas of the brain via modulatory neurotransmitters

26
Q

What is the noradrenergic locus coeruleus

A

small nucleus located bilaterally in the pons with noradrenergic projections to vast parts of the CNS

27
Q

What is the serotonergic raphe nuclei

A

a collection of nuclei located in the brainstem with serotonergic projections to the CNS

28
Q

What is the dopaminergic substantia nigra

A

cell group located in the midbrain with dopaminergic projections to the striatum

29
Q

What is the VTA (ventral tegmental area)

A

cell group lying closely to the substantia nigra with dopaminergic projections to the CNS

30
Q

What does substantia nigra projections regulate

A

initiation and voluntary movement

31
Q

What does the VTA projections regulate

A

reward and reinforcement behaviours

32
Q

Cocaine is a psychostimulant. Describe its mechanism of action

A
  • it is a non-competitive blocker of dopamine and noradrenaline transporters
  • less dopamine and noradrenaline are taken up into the presynaptic terminal
  • increased levels of dopamine and noradrenaline in the synaptic cleft = increased postsynaptic receptor activation
33
Q

How does the psychostimulant cocaine cause addiction and dependence

A

results of enhanced dopaminergic neurotransmission originating from VTA - by short circuiting this pathway it reinforces drug seeking behaviour

Neurology (16 decks)

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