Macroanatomy (FS - Week 1) Flashcards
What is the forebrain comprised of?
- Cerebrum/Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon
Name 3 physical features of the cerebrum
- gyri (bumps)
- sulci (grooves)
- fissures (deep)
What is the postcentral gyrus receptive of? Where is it located?
somatic sensation e.g. touch
in the parietal lobe
What separates the postcentral gyrus from the precentral gyrus?
central sulcus
What is the precentral gyrus responsible for? Where is it located
voluntary movement
in the frontal lobe
What separates the precentral and postcentral gyrus from the superior temporal gyrus?
Lateral (sylvian) fissure
What is the superior temporal gyrus responsible for?
audition
What is the cerebrum comprised of? What are each of features of the cerebrum comprised of?
- Cerebral cortex
- frontal lobe
- temporal lobe
- parietal lobe
- occipital lobe - subcortical structures
- hippocampus
- basal ganglia
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
- controls voluntary movement
- controls behaviour
- motivation and attention
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
- sensory processing interpretation e.g. touch
- Proprioception e.g. balance of the body
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
- Auditory
- Memory
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
- visual processing interpretation e.g. distance and depth perception, colour, object and face recognition
What are the 2 features of the subcortical structures?
- hippocampus
- basal ganglia
What are the functions of the hippocampus?
- Learning and memory formation
- regulation of the HPA axis
Name a hippocampal dysfunction
Amnesia - Anterograde/retrograde
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
regulating movement - initiation and maintenance of movement
Name 2 basal ganglia dysfunctions
- Huntington’s disease - affects GABAergic neurons
2. Parkinson’s disease - affects Dopaminergic neurons
Where is the diencephalon located
forebrain between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex
What is the diencephalon comprised of?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
What is the thalamus’ function?
- relays between the sensory and motor systems and the cerebral cortex
- regulates arousal, pain, mood motivation and cognitive functions
Name a dysfunction of the thalamus
Synaesthesia - blending of information streams
What is the Hypothalamus’ function
- homeostatic, reproductive, fight or flight
Name a dysfunction of the hypothalamus
Hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism
What is the brainstem comprised of?
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
What is the Midbrain’s function?
controls:
- eye movement
- auditory
- visual processing
- motor functions
Name a dysfunction of the midbrain
Parkinson’s disease - affects motor function
What is the Pons function?
- relays motor information from the cerebrum to the medulla oblongata & spinal cord & cerebellum
What is the medulla oblongata’s function?
Controls:
- breathing
- heart rate
- blood pressure
What is the cerebellums function?
- detects difference between intended movement and actual movement
- aids motor cortex to produce precise coordinated movement
Name the segments of the spinal cord and their location
- cervical vertebrae - neck C1-C7
- thoracic vertebrae - ribs T1-T12
- lumbar vertebrae - lower back L1-L5
- sacral vertebrae - pelvic S1-S5
Name and describe the 2 roots the spinal cord splits into
- Dorsal root - a bunch of sensory neuron axons that carry info TO the spinal cord
- Ventral root - bunch of motor neuron axons that carry info AWAY to the muscle
Name and describe the 2 components of a transverse section of the spinal cord
- Grey matter - comprised of neuronal cells bodies divided into horns
- White matter - comprised of axon bundles divided into columns
Name and describe 2 spinal cord injuries
- tetraplegia - full/partial loss of sensation and movement in all 4 limbs and torso
Caused by damage to cervical C1-C7 vertebrae - paraplegia - full/partial loss of sensation and movement in both legs and torso
Caused by damage to the thoracic, lumbar or sacral
What is the meninges? What is its function?
3 membranous layers that cover the brain and spinal cord
Function:
- protection
- passage of cerebrospinal fluid via the ventricular system
- support of cerebral & spinal blood vessels via the vasculature system
What is the ventricular system and of the brain comprised of?
- lateral ventricles
- third ventricle
- fourth ventricle
What is the function of the ventricular system
It is cerebrospinal fluid filled spaces that lie in the core of the forebrain and brainstem
- protection of the brain
- transport e.g. nutrients
- regulation of buoyancy
What is the vasculature of the brain and what is it comprised of?
blood supply of the brain
- vertebral arteries
- internal carotid arteries
