Macroanatomy (FS - Week 1)

Question 1

What is the forebrain comprised of?

Answer 1

1. Cerebrum/Telencephalon

2. Diencephalon

Question 2

Name 3 physical features of the cerebrum

Answer 2

1. gyri (bumps)
2. sulci (grooves)
3. fissures (deep)

Question 3

What is the postcentral gyrus receptive of? Where is it located?

Answer 3

somatic sensation e.g. touch

in the parietal lobe

Question 4

What separates the postcentral gyrus from the precentral gyrus?

Answer 4

central sulcus

Question 5

What is the precentral gyrus responsible for? Where is it located

Answer 5

voluntary movement

in the frontal lobe

Question 6

What separates the precentral and postcentral gyrus from the superior temporal gyrus?

Answer 6

Lateral (sylvian) fissure

Question 7

What is the superior temporal gyrus responsible for?

Answer 7

audition

Question 8

What is the cerebrum comprised of? What are each of features of the cerebrum comprised of?

Answer 8

1. Cerebral cortex
   - frontal lobe
   - temporal lobe
   - parietal lobe
   - occipital lobe
2. subcortical structures
   - hippocampus
   - basal ganglia

Question 9

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 9

• controls voluntary movement
• controls behaviour
• motivation and attention

Question 10

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 10

• sensory processing interpretation e.g. touch

- Proprioception e.g. balance of the body

Question 11

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 11

• Auditory

- Memory

Question 12

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 12

• visual processing interpretation e.g. distance and depth perception, colour, object and face recognition

Question 13

What are the 2 features of the subcortical structures?

Answer 13

• hippocampus

- basal ganglia

Question 14

What are the functions of the hippocampus?

Answer 14

• Learning and memory formation

- regulation of the HPA axis

Question 15

Name a hippocampal dysfunction

Answer 15

Amnesia - Anterograde/retrograde

Question 16

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 16

regulating movement - initiation and maintenance of movement

Question 17

Name 2 basal ganglia dysfunctions

Answer 17

1. Huntington’s disease - affects GABAergic neurons

2. Parkinson’s disease - affects Dopaminergic neurons

Question 18

Where is the diencephalon located

Answer 18

forebrain between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex

Question 19

What is the diencephalon comprised of?

Answer 19

• thalamus

- hypothalamus

Question 20

What is the thalamus’ function?

Answer 20

• relays between the sensory and motor systems and the cerebral cortex
• regulates arousal, pain, mood motivation and cognitive functions

Question 21

Name a dysfunction of the thalamus

Answer 21

Synaesthesia - blending of information streams

Question 22

What is the Hypothalamus’ function

Answer 22

• homeostatic, reproductive, fight or flight

Question 23

Name a dysfunction of the hypothalamus

Answer 23

Hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism

Question 24

What is the brainstem comprised of?

Answer 24

1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla oblongata

Question 25

What is the Midbrain's function?

Answer 25

controls: - eye movement - auditory - visual processing - motor functions

Question 26

Name a dysfunction of the midbrain

Answer 26

Parkinson's disease - affects motor function

Question 27

What is the Pons function?

Answer 27

- relays motor information from the cerebrum to the medulla oblongata & spinal cord & cerebellum

Question 28

What is the medulla oblongata's function?

Answer 28

Controls: - breathing - heart rate - blood pressure

Question 29

What is the cerebellums function?

Answer 29

- detects difference between intended movement and actual movement - aids motor cortex to produce precise coordinated movement

Question 30

Name the segments of the spinal cord and their location

Answer 30

- cervical vertebrae - neck C1-C7 - thoracic vertebrae - ribs T1-T12 - lumbar vertebrae - lower back L1-L5 - sacral vertebrae - pelvic S1-S5

Question 31

Name and describe the 2 roots the spinal cord splits into

Answer 31

1. Dorsal root - a bunch of sensory neuron axons that carry info TO the spinal cord 2. Ventral root - bunch of motor neuron axons that carry info AWAY to the muscle

Question 32

Name and describe the 2 components of a transverse section of the spinal cord

Answer 32

1. Grey matter - comprised of neuronal cells bodies divided into horns 2. White matter - comprised of axon bundles divided into columns

Question 33

Name and describe 2 spinal cord injuries

Answer 33

1. tetraplegia - full/partial loss of sensation and movement in all 4 limbs and torso Caused by damage to cervical C1-C7 vertebrae 2. paraplegia - full/partial loss of sensation and movement in both legs and torso Caused by damage to the thoracic, lumbar or sacral

Question 34

What is the meninges? What is its function?

Answer 34

3 membranous layers that cover the brain and spinal cord Function: - protection - passage of cerebrospinal fluid via the ventricular system - support of cerebral & spinal blood vessels via the vasculature system

Question 35

What is the ventricular system and of the brain comprised of?

Answer 35

- lateral ventricles - third ventricle - fourth ventricle

Question 36

What is the function of the ventricular system

Answer 36

It is cerebrospinal fluid filled spaces that lie in the core of the forebrain and brainstem - protection of the brain - transport e.g. nutrients - regulation of buoyancy

Question 37

What is the vasculature of the brain and what is it comprised of?

Answer 37

blood supply of the brain - vertebral arteries - internal carotid arteries