Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Boards II > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Tranformation

  • what is it
  • occurs
A
  • bacteria is dead and has lysed, a piece of DNA binds to cell wall of live bacteria, DNA gets into cell and incorporates itself into genome
  • only occurs w/ closely related bacterial species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Transduction

  • occurs w
  • normal life cycle
  • generalized transduction
  • specialized transduction (temperate)
A
  • bacteriophage; virus that infects bacteria
  • phage attaches to bacteria through cell wall -> injects genetic material and enzyme into bacteria -> enzymes break up bacterial DNA and takes over machinery of bacteria to replicate phage DNA -> bacteria becomes full of phages -> bacteria lyses releasing phages
  • phage infected bacteria -> bacterial DNA lysed into fragments -> accidentally a piece of bacterial DNA gets incorporated into phage instead of phage DNA -> bacteria is full of phage and lyses -> the phage with bacterial DNA binds and incorporates the DNA into another bacteria -> instead of new bacteria being infected it incorporates the old bacterias DNA into its own DNA
  • phage DNA is incorpoarted into genome of bacteria -> sits and lives w/ bacteria for several generations until bacteria starts to die (detects decrease in production of ATP) -> phage DNA extracted from bacterial DNA and takes some bacterial DNA with it -> lyses rest of bacterial DNA and uses machinery to replicate own DNA-> phage lyses bacteria -> phage is released w/ both its own DNA and some small pieces of bacterial DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Conjugation

  • what is it
  • what happens
  • what is necessary
A
  • bacterial sex
  • direct transfer of DNA from one cell to another through plasmids
  • cell to cell contact, w/ pilli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Transposon

  • what is it
  • cut and paste
  • copy and paste
A
  • piece of DNA w/ ability to move around
  • transposon jumps to new site and gap that is left is filled in
  • copy of transposon jumps to new location
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Virulence Factors of bacteria

  • techoic acid
  • endotoxin
  • capsule
  • antiphago surface
  • spores
  • neurotoxin
  • cord factor
A
  • gram +
  • gram -
  • protection
  • M protein, protein A
  • dormant bacteria releases toxin when exposed to heat
  • clostridium
  • prevents bacteria from being phagocytosed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gram + vs -

  • number layer
  • thickness
  • oute membrane
  • increased permeability
  • color
A
  • +: one, -: two
  • +: thick, -: thin
  • +: absent, -: present
  • +: more penetrable, -: less permeable
  • +: purple, - pink
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gram + pep wall

  • made of
  • linker
  • penicillen and cephalosporin
  • teichoic acid: purpose, causes
A
  • N-AM and N-AG
  • D-ala
  • mimic D-ala but do not link the N-AM and N-AG -> punches holes into cell wall -> water into cell -> cell swells and lyses
  • stabilize peptidoglycan wall by attracting positively charged ions; when released will cause fever and vasodilation but not sepsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gram - pep wall

  • endo toxin: lipid A
  • endo toxin: inner and out core
  • endo toxin: O antigen
  • importance
  • how
A
  • embedded in cell membrane is lipid A -> fever, septic shock, diarrhea
  • inner core connect to lipid A and then connects to outer core, stimulates immune response; different in every bacteria
  • connected to outer core; every family has same O antigen
  • pts with gram - infections will get sicker after getting the antibiotic because when the bacteria starts lysing it releases the endo toxin and stimulates even greater immune response
  • once released LPS binds to LPS binding protein -> LPS transferred to CD14 (on surface of macrophages) -> puts LPS on MD2 (lymphocyte antigen 96)-> associated with TLR4 -> TLR4 is PRR and will activate immune sxs through release of cytokines, NO, immunomodulators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Exotoxin

  • what is it
  • location of damage
A
  • extracellular produced toxin produced by bacteria for survival advantage
  • non-membrane damaging and membrane damaging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Non- membrane damaging exotoxin

  • hyaluronidase
  • lipase
  • IgA protease: which bacterias,
  • collagenase
A
  • breaks down hyaluronic acid which is component in BM and ECM; allows
  • coverts plasminogen to plasmin to break down clot
  • allows bacteria to break through subcutaneous tissue
  • bacteria that colonize mucus membrane; destroys IgA
  • destroys fascia and collagen in muscle to take infection to bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Membrane damaging exotoxin

  • hemolysin
  • leukocidins
  • phospholipase
  • lecithinase
A
  • lyse RBC
  • lyse WBC
  • lyse all cells
  • lyse all cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Intracellular exotoxin

  • ADP ribosyl transferase
  • bacteria
A
  • inactive NAD and turns it into nicotene and ADR -> stop protein synthesis -> kill cell
  • diptheria, psuedomonas, cholera, e.coli, pertusis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bacteria Specific Endotoxin

  • shiga toxin
  • pseudomonas
  • shigella
  • staph
  • strep pyo
  • anthracis
  • diptheria
  • tetanus
  • botulinum
  • c perf
A
  • binds to 60 s ribosome -> inhibit protein synthesis -> cell death; causes n/v, diarrhea and neurotox
  • pyro something -> interferes with electron transport chain
  • NAD glycohydrolase -> produced when shigella phagocytosed -> depletes neutrophil of NAD -> w/o NAD cannot have normal cell metabolism and blocks PMN from being able to do normal function
  • super antigen will bind MHC 2 protein and T cell receptor -> induce IL1 and 2 causing shock
  • strep O hemolyzes RBCs and is used to detect step pyo infection, erythrogenic toxin -> leads to formation of rashes (impetigo)
  • edema factor: AC -> cAMP -> edema, lethal factor: inhibits kinases and kills macrophages
  • elogation factor 2 -> produces pseudomembrane in back of throat
  • inhibits release of glycine -> rigid paralysis
  • blocks release of Ach -> flaccid paralysis
  • alpha lecithinase and causes gas gangrene -> double zone of hemolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bacteria Specific Exotoxin

  • E. Coli
  • Vibrio
  • Bordetella
A
  • heat labile, raises cAMP, heat stable cGMP -> cause diarrhea
  • heat labile exotoxin -> cause rice water diarrhea
  • stimulates AC via ribosylation -> increase histamine production and phagocyte dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Septic Shock

  • what is it
  • importance
  • bacteremia
  • sepsis
  • septic shock
  • COD
  • kidneys
  • lungs
  • brain
  • vascular
  • coagulation
  • tx
  • reasoning for tx
A
  • deadly response to infection
  • main cause of death in ICU
  • bacteria in blood stream, can trigger immune system and can cause sepsis, shock, and death
  • systemic inflammaroty/ immune response to bacteremia
  • dangerous drop in BP and subsequent organ dysfunction (kidney)
  • heart failure
  • acute renal failure
  • ARDS
  • encephalopathy
  • vasodilation -> decreased BO
  • DIC, excessive bleeding
  • treat underlying infection, give vaso constrictor (compensate for vasodilation from cytokines)
  • bacteriostatic will put into plateau phase and bacterialcidal will put in death phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • maconkey
  • chocolate
  • blood
  • lowenstein jensen
  • charcoal yeast
  • thayer martin
  • bordet-gengou
  • cysteine tellurite
A
  • e. coli, enterobacter, klebsiella
  • hib
  • diptheria
  • TB
  • legionella
  • fungus
  • nisseria, chocolate agar with vanco, polymixin, nistatin, trimethoprim
  • bordatella
  • diptheria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q 
Normal Flora
- skin
- nose
vagina
- oropharynx
- gingiva
A
  • staph epi
  • staph aur
  • lactobacilli, group B strep
  • strep viridans
  • actinomyces
18
Q

Skin infections

  • cellulitis
  • mastitis
  • periorbital cellulitis in baby
  • orbital cellulitis in adult
  • balantitis
  • folliculitis
  • hot tub folliculitis
  • furuncle
  • carbuncle
  • fascitis
  • necrotizing fascitis
A
  • flat, red, warm, will blanche; staph or step
  • cellulitis around breat -> staph aureus
  • from trauma; staph aureus
  • elderly; srep pneumo
  • proptosis (bulging forward of eye
  • infection of glans of penis
  • infection of hair follicle; staph aureus, pseudomonas
  • due to unsanitary hot tub; pseudomonas
  • deeper folliculits; staph aureus
  • abcess, must be drained bc antibiotics will not be able to penetrate cavity
  • infection of eyelid
  • infection of fascia
  • flesh eating dx; either polymicrobial or MRSA by itself
  • inflammation of fascia on plantar aspect of foot, starts at calcaneus at moves towards mid foot
  • infection of subcutaneous fat; will have tender skin nodules
19
Q

Urease Positive Bacteria

  • urease
  • PUNCH KSS
A
  • turns urea into CO2 and ammonia

- proteus, ureaplasma, nocardia, cryptococcus, h pylori, klebsiella, staph saphrophiticus and staph epi

20
Q

chronic granulomatous dx

  • what is it
  • dx
A
  • PMNs no longer working and can only destroy bacteria by forming granulomas
  • tetrazolium blue test (NADPH oxidase present -> + which is normal) or dihydrotamine test
21
Q

Hemolysis

  • what is it
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
A
  • ability to lyse RBC
  • caused by hydrogen peroxide, creates dark green colonies
  • complete hemolysis by streptolysin, clear or yellow colony on blood agar
  • no hemoylsis
22
Q

meningitis by age group

  • 0-6 month
  • 6 month - 6 yr
  • 6 yr - 60 yr
  • older than 60
A
  • group B strep (agalactiae), e coli, listeria
  • step pneumo, neisseria meningitidis, HiB
  • N meningitidis, strep pneumo
  • strep penumon meningitidis, listeria
23
Q

Subactue Bacterial Endocarditis

  • caused by
  • develops after
  • osler nodes
  • roth spots
  • splinter hemm
  • janeway lesions
A
  • strep viridans
  • dental surgery -> give amoxicillin prophylaxis
  • painful nodes on fingers
  • retinal hemm, pale spots on fundoscopy
  • emboli in nail beds
  • non tender nodules on palms and soles
24
Q

Group A vs Group B strep

  • both are
  • A
  • B
A
  • beta hemolytic; but A is fully and B is wealy
  • pyogenes
  • agalactaie
25
Q

Acne

  • caused by
  • white comedones
  • black comedones
  • tx
A
  • gram +, anaerobic bacteria -> propionobacterium acne
  • clear vesicles
  • oxidized sebum
  • benzoyl peroxide (exposes bacteria to O2), antibiotics (directly kills basteria), retinoic acid (speeds up skin cell proliferation)
26
Q

Penicillens

  • MOA
  • types
  • penicillenase resistant: examples, used for
  • broad spectrum
A
  • inhibit bacterial cell wall
  • pen G, Pen V, ampicillin, amoxicillin, ticaracillin, piparcillin
  • oxacillin, nafcillin; D lactamase producing S aureus
  • imipenem
27
Q

Cephalosporin

  • MOA
  • 1st gen
  • 2nd gen
  • 3rd gen
A
  • inhibit bacterial cell wall
  • cephalexin -> gram +
  • cefuroxime -> HiB, nisseria, S pneumo
  • ceftriazone, ceftazadime -> gram -, n gon
28
Q

Vancomycin

- MOA

A
  • inhibit cell wall transglycosylation
29
Q

Aminoglycosides

  • MOA
  • side effects
  • examples
A
  • bind and block 30s subunit
  • ototox and nephrotox
  • gentamicin, streptamicin, -icin
30
Q

Tetra cycline

  • MOA
  • bugs
  • ex
  • side effects
A
  • bind to 30 s subunit
  • chlamydia, choler, lyme
  • doxycycline, minocycline
  • hepatotox, deposition in bones
31
Q

Macrolide

  • MOA
  • bugs
  • side effects
  • ex
  • chloamphenicol: MOA, indication, side effect
  • clindamycin: MOA, indication, side effect
A
  • bind to 50s subunit
  • legionella, chlamydia, anthrax
  • GI irritability, hepatotox, p450 inhibition
  • erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin
  • 50s, infections including CNS; aplastic anemia and p450 inhib
  • 50s, anaerobic -> S aureus; psedumembranous colitis, hepatotox
32
Q

Oxazolidionones

  • MOA
  • indication
  • example
  • side effect
A
  • 50s inhibition
  • VRSE, MRSA
  • linezoilid
  • MAO inhibition, superinfections
33
Q

Streptogramins

  • MOA
  • indication
  • example
  • metronidazole
A
  • 50s inhibition
  • VRSE, MRSA
  • dalfopristin, quinupristin
  • anaerobes; c diff and etamoeba, giardia, and trich
34
Q

TB drugs

  • rifampin
  • isoniazide
  • pyrazinamide
  • ethambutol
A
  • tb DNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor; GI, hepatotox, p450 inducer, orange/red urine
  • mycolic acid synthase inhibitor; peripheral neuritis
  • same as above
  • only for dividing mycobacterium; neuritis (color blindness)
35
Q

Anti-fungals

  • ampho B: MOA, side effects
  • flucytosine: MOA, side effects
  • azoles: MOA, examples
A
  • interferes w/ sterol -> apoptosis; nephro, cardio, and neuro toxic
  • fungal uracil analog so inhibits mRNA production; bone marrow suppression, alopecia
  • inhibits ergosterol synthesis; ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole
36
Q

Malaria Tx

  • chloroquine
  • primaquine
  • mefloquine
A
  • for malaria in RBC, prevents hemoglobin degradation
  • for malaria in liver,
  • for prevention; inhibit merozoite invasion and interact with proteins involved with parasite membrane lipid trafficking and nutrient uptake
37
Q

Worm Tx: drug and MOA

  • round
  • flat - fluke
  • flta - tapeworm
  • tolsium
A
  • mebendazole -> works by selectively inhibiting the synthesis of microtubules via binding to colchicine binding site of β-tubulin, thereby blocking polymerisation of tubulin dimers in intestinal cells of parasites.
  • praziquantal increases the permeability of the membranes of schistosome cells towards calcium ions -> induces paralysis
  • niclosamide: inhibits glucose uptake, oxidative phosphorylation, and anaerobic metabolism in the tapeworm.
  • praziquantal
38
Q

Influenza Tx

  • amantadine
  • oseltamavir
  • zanamivir
A
  • blocks M2 so no uncoating; paranoia, depression
  • prevent cleavage of sialic acid-virus -> inhaled
  • prevent cleavage of sialic acid-virus -> oral
39
Q

Herpes Tx

  • acyclovir
  • trifluorothymadine
A
  • guanine analog

- thymidine analog -> topical

40
Q

AIDS Tx

  • azidothymadine
  • iopinavir
  • enfuvirtide
A
  • nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor
  • inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease enzyme
  • fusion inhibitor, blocks HIV attachment to cell

Boards II (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions