Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
Apocrine glands
- location
- location on body
- unique
- produce
- activated
A
- dermis and sub cu fat
- axilla, arula, genial region
- secrete sweat into fair follicle instead of directly onto skin surface
- odorless sweat -> but bacterial action produces malordorous scent
- in puberty
2
Q
Eccrine glands (amarocrine)
- produce
- location
A
- sweat directly on skin surface
- all over body except for lip and penis
3
Q
Fat soluble hormones va water
- fat: which ones, pathway
- water
A
- steroids ( aldosteron, cortisol, test, DHT, estrogen) and thyroid; cross cytoplasmic membrane, go into nucleus, bind to nuc receptor (except cortisol whose receptor is in cytoplasm); no
- everything else
4
Q
pit
- ant made from; remnants
- post made from
- sits in
- covered by
- connected to hypthal
- secretes
- craniopharyngioma: caused by, what is it, histo; contains, epi, sxs
A
- oral ectoderm from rhatkes pouch
- neuroectodermal tissue
- sella turscia, part of sphenoid bone
- diaphragm masella
- through pit stalk
- ACTH, MSH, GH, TSH, LH/FSH, ACTH, prolactin, ADH, and oxytocin
- remnants of pouch; calcified cystic tumor located in suprasellar area; cysts are lined by strat squamous epi; yellow fluid the consistency of machine oil; childen between 5-10 yrs; headache, bi temp hemianopsia, hypopituitarism, growth retardation
5
Q
Parts of Ant Pit
- pars distalis
- pars tuberalis
- pars intermedia
A
- biggest part; where hormone production occurs
- wraps pit in vascularized sheath
- responsible for producing MSH
6
Q
Nuclei
- supra optic nec
- pre-optic
- paraventricular
- medial pre-optic
- lateral
- ventromedial
- arcuate
A
- ADH and oxy
- thermo regulation
- TRH, CRH, oxy, ADH, somatostatin
- produces GnRH and thermo regulation
- orexin -> responsible for keeping awake
- satiety
- GHRH and inhibits prolactin
7
Q
Staining
- basophilic
A
- all except GH and prolactin
8
Q
Pit hormone roles
- ACTH: comes from, releases
- MSH: function
- GH: func, works,
- FSH: in women, in men
- LH:
- ADH
- prolactin
- oxytocin
- TSH
A
- POMC -> ACTH (releases cortisol), MSH (signal melanocytes to make melanin) appetite suppressant, reg aldosterone and inflamm response), endorphins
- GH stimulates bone and muscle dev, works via IGF1; excess will cause gigantism or acromegaly; dwarfism caused by defect in growth hormone receptor -> elevated GH and decreased IGF1
- dev of follicle and production of estrogen ; spermatogenesis
- androgen production
- water reabsorption and vasoconstriction
- produces lmilk
- release of milk and uterine contractions
- stimulate growth of thyroid gland and production of T3/T4
9
Q
Cell types in pit
- lacto
- gonado
- cortico
- somato
- thyro
A
- prolactin
- LH/FSH
- ACTH
- GH
- TSH
10
Q
Post lobe parts
- pars nervosa
- infundibular stalk
- median eminence
A
- biggest part, holds hormones
- connects to hypothal
- contains hypothal-hypophyseal portal vessels
11
Q
Dopaminergic pathways in brain
- mesolimbic/mesocortical
- nigro-striatal
- tubero-infundibular
A
- controls behavior; diseased -> schizo
- coordinated voluntary movement -> parkinsons
- controls prolactin secretion -> when diseased get hyperprolcatinemia
12
Q
Pit tumors
- prolactinoma: sxs; labs, imaging, tx
- chromophobic adenoma: common, types, sxs, tx
A
- galactorrhea, ED, hypogonadism, gynecomastia, amennorrhea/ infertility, bitemp hemi, n/v, vertigo; serum prolactin level and TRH level (elevated -> can cause elevated prolactin, hyper prolactinemia in pts hypothyroid); MRI; bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)
- most common ;macro- men, micro- women; mass effect, remove with surgery
13
Q
Common primary brain tumor
- glioma: epi; sxs;
- astrocytoma: what is it, age, sxs
- optic nerve glioma: epi, sequelae
- craniopharngioma: epi, what is it
- pit adenoma: sxs
- schwannoma: epi, sxs
- ependymoma: epi, sxs
- brainstem glioma: epi, sxs
- medulloblastoma: epi, grow, sxs
- pineal glannd tumor: epi, sxs
- meningioma: epi, comes from, sxs
A
- adults (35); seizure and headache;
- type of glioma; 35-50; alt mental status, headache, n/v
- children; deteriorating vision but only 5% lead to blindness
- children, calcified cystic tumor
- mass effect, increased production of hormone
- 18-24 yrs; hearing loss
- 5 yrs; headache, vomiting, hydrocephalus
- 20-40 yrs; weakness and CN dysfunction
- under 10 yrs; fast; behavior changes and increased ICP
- 35-40; headache and hydrocephalus
- 40-60; rises from arachnoid cap; seizure and spastic weakness
14
Q
Thyroid
- blood supply
- blood drainage
- branch that runs w/ sup vessels; sequelae if damaged
- embyology: from, descends, stimulating hormone produced, thyroid hormone produced
- histo: follicles; follicular cells; parafollicular
- function of T3/4: main, bone, catecholamine, heat, metabolism
A
- ext carotid a -> sup thyroid a; subclavian -> cervical thyroid trunk -> inferior thyroid artery
- superior and middle thyroid into IJV, and inferior thyroid a into brachiocephalic
- external branch of sup laryngeal n (from vagus) -> will have a problem with pitch of voice -> cannot make high tones
- 3rd and 4th floor of pharynx, descend from base of tongue and through thyroglossal duct; 16-20 weeks, 18-20 weeks
- follicles are sphere shaped and contain iodine; follicular produce T3/4 and when inactive they are cuboidal but when active they are tall columnar; parafollicular produce calcitonin
- regulate BMR and increases protein synthesis; reg bone growth and growth hormone, increases sensitivity to catecholamine, generates heat, reg protein /carb/ fat metabolism
15
Q
Production of thyroid hormone
- pathway
- diff in
A
- iodine goes into follicular cell; iodide binds to tyrosine, then becomes triiodotyosine and tetraiodoyrosine
- T3 is more active and T4 is more abundant
