Micro

Question 1

ob anaerobe vs ob aerobe vs fac anaerobe vs microaero vs aerotolerant

Answer 1

no O2 required (they’ll die in O2) vs O2 required vs can do both but prefer O2 vs require little O2 vs no O2 required but can still survive in O2

Question 2

How do anaerobes vs aerobes use ATP?

Answer 2

fermentation vs cellular respiration

Question 3

Prokaryotes have cell wall and cell membrane; together they make what?

Answer 3

envelope

Question 4

Which color stain means gram pos vs gram neg?

Answer 4

Crystal violet/purple vs safranin/neg

Question 5

Gram pos cell wall has what 2 key structures?

Answer 5

Peptidoglycan made of aa and sugars, and lipotechoic acid

Question 6

Gram neg cell wall has what 3 key structures?

Answer 6

Periplasmic space, thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides

Question 7

Phases of bacterial growth

Answer 7

Lag, log, stationary, death

Question 8

Structure and function of bacteriophage

Answer 8

Nucleic acid in capsid/protein coat, tall sheath that injects material, tail fiber to recognize and connect to host cell

Question 9

Lytic vs lysogenic cycles

Answer 9

Bacteriophages maximizes host cell’s machinery (ie. Uses host’s ribosome for viral replication) —> host cell lyses => virulent vs virus integrates into host genome and remains dormant => provirus/prophage

Question 10

Prions

Answer 10

Infectious proteins that cause protein misfolding

Question 11

Viroids

Answer 11

Small pathogens containing small ssRNA that infect plants. They silent genes and prevent protein synthesis

Question 12

What are virulence factors?

Answer 12

Traits that inc pathogenicity

Question 13

Difference between wild type and mutant strains? Does it make a diff if you mutate the same site b/w cDNA or wild type DNA?

Answer 13

Mutants don’t have the gene at all but wild type do

Nope, mutations at the same site of either cDNA or wild type DNA will lead to same effects

Question 14

Operons. Pos vs neg control in gene expression

Answer 14

Inducible or repressible cluster of genes transcribed as single mRNA IN PROKS; no euks!
Presence of activator protein —> turn on gene expression vs gene expression will stay on till a repressor protein turns it off

Question 15

Structural genes vs operator genes vs inducible systems vs repressible systems in prok transcpxn

Answer 15

Contains DNA that code for proteins vs repressor binding site vs needing an inducer to start transcpxn, presence of metabolite —> turn operon on (ex: lac operon) vs needing a corepressor to inhibit transcpxn, presence of metabolite —> turn operon off (ex: trp operon)

Question 16

Virus shielding from the immune system can be caused by what post translational modification?

Answer 16

Glycosylation

Question 17

Do all viruses have phospholipid envelopes?

Answer 17

Nope, only animal viruses

Question 18

Transformation vs conjugation vs transduction vs transfection

Answer 18

Integrating foreign genetic material from environment into host genome of bacterial cell vs bacterial mating/sexual reproduction that involves conjugation bridge made of sex pili and it transfers Fertility (F) factor unidirectionally from donor male (F+) to recipient female (F-) vs a virus/vector that transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another aka bacteriophage infection vs integrating foreign genetic material into host genome of euk cell

Question 19

Does apoptosis spill cellular contents?

Answer 19

Nope (that’s maybe necrosis)

Question 20

Is chickenpox viral or bacterial?

Answer 20

Viral

Question 21

How are penicillin and lysozymes similar?

Answer 21

penicillin and lysozymes target bacterial cell wall for destruction to kill bacteria

Question 22

Autophagy

Answer 22

Engulfing cellular debris by autophagosomes

Question 23

Sizes of euks, bacteria and virus

Answer 23

eukaryotic cell > bacterium (roughly size of mitochondrion) > virion (roughly size of protein, roughly 100x smaller than bacterium, 1000x smaller than eukaryotic cell, cannot be seen with optical microscope)