2. Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Homozygous vs heterozygous vs hemizygous

A

XX, xx vs Xx vs XY

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2
Q

Which chrm determines sex?

A

23rd

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3
Q

What is SRY?

A

Transcription factor on Y chrm that initiates testis and male gonads formation –> it’s a dude

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4
Q

What are the 2 functional components of testes?

A

seminiferous tubules containing Sertoli cells that produce sperm, inhibin, and androgen-binding protein (that maintains testosterone lvls), and interstitial cells of Leydig that secrete testosterone and androgen
Seminiferous tubules also contain immobile sperm incapable of fertilization

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5
Q

Pathway of sperm thru male reproductive system

A

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis

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6
Q

What is semen composed of?

A

Sperm and seminal fluid

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7
Q

What do bulbourethral/Cowper glands do?

A

produce clear viscous fluid to clear remnants of urine and lubricate urethra

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8
Q

What do seminal vesicles and prostate glands do?

A

Seminal vesicles supply fructose for sperm. Both seminal vesicles and prostate give sperm alkaline properties to survive female acidity

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9
Q

What is spermatogenesis? Describe process

A

Formation of haploid sperm via meiosis that occurs in seminiferous tubules. After replicating genetic material (S stage), they become primary spermatocytes –> undergo meiosis I => haploid secondary spermatocytes –> meiosis II => haploid spermatids –> maturation => spermatozoa. Results in 4 functional sperm per spermatogonium

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10
Q

What are spermatogonia and oogonia?

A

Diploid stem cells

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11
Q

Structure of sperm

A

Head contains genetic material and is covered by acrosome to penetrate ovum. Midpiece contains lots of mito that generate ATP from fructose for swimming. Flagella for motility

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12
Q

What is oogenesis? Describe process

A

Production of female gametes. At birth, females have diploid stem cells aka oogonia and undergo mitosis —> diploid oogonium + diploid primary oocytes which is arrested in prophase I => dictyate state; when reaching menarche, 1 primary oocyte per month undergoes meiosis I => secondary oocyte and polar body –> secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase II and doesn’t continue meiosis II until fertilization

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13
Q

What two layers surrounded oocytes?

A

zona pellucida is a mixture of glycoproteins necessary for sperm binding and protects oocyte; corona radiata is a layer of cells that surrounds zona pellucida and adhere to oocyte during ovulation. Sperm has to pass these two layers for fertilization

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14
Q

Which hormones are produced before and after puberty?

A

Before: hypothalamus prevents gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
After: hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) –> anterior pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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15
Q

What does release of FSH and LH lead to?

A

FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells and triggers sperm maturation, whereas LH causes the interstitial cells to produce testosterone.
FSH secrete estrogen –> endometrium thickens for soon-to-be zygote. LH causes corpus luteum to secrete progesterone to maintain endometrium

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16
Q

What are the 4 phases of menstrual cycle?

A

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, menstruation

17
Q

What happens in follicular phase?

A

GnRH increases –> FSH and LH increases –> follicles produce estrogen –> GnRH, FSH and LH decreases and thickens endometrium. Estrogen can also inc GnRH, FSH and LH that helps with ovulation

18
Q

What happens in ovulation?

A

When LH increases –> release of ovum from ovary to to abd/peritoneal cavity

19
Q

What happens in luteal phase?

A

LH causes the ruptured follicle to form corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone; both estrogen and progesterone are high –> GnRH, FSH and LH decreases

20
Q

What happens in menstruation?

A

LH decreases –> corpus luteum dec –> progesterone dec –> endometrium is sloughed off. Estrogen dec –> GnRH starts to increase for next cycle

21
Q

What are ova?

A

Eggs that is produced in follicles in ovaries. Each month, one egg is ovulated into the peritoneal sac and is drawn into the fallopian tube or oviduct.

22
Q

What do epididymis vs vas deferens do?

A

Store sperm for maturation and mobility till ejaculation, gain fertilization capabilities vs surrounded by muscle that raises and lowers testes to main constant temp for sperm production

23
Q

At which stage of embryogenesis does uterine implantation occur?

A

Blastula. After zygote forms, it undergoes cleavage into morula while simultaneously traveling to uterus. By the time it reaches lining, it becomes a blastula

24
Q

What inhibits milk secretion before birth?

A

High estrogen and progesterone

25
Q

Which gamete = responsible for providing all organelles after a zygote is formed?

A

ovum, so any d/o of organelle = from mother