1. Cell Theory Flashcards
4 tenets of cell theory
All living things composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, a cell is a basic fundamental unit of life, cells carry genetic info (DNA) that’s passed on from parent to daughter cell
Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?
No. They have a nucleoid region instead
The nucleus is surrounded by what?
Nuclear membrane/envelope; has 2 lipid bilayers
What are nuclear pores?
They’re within the nuclear membrane that allow selective 2-way exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleus
Structure of DNA chromosomes
Linear DNA wrap around histones (proteins); then they’re further wound into chromosomes
What is the nucleolus?
Subsection of nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are synthesized; seen as a dark spot in nucleus
What types of structures are in mitochondria?
Outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, matrix, cristae, CIRCULAR AND SELF REPLICATING DNA (NOT SINGLE STRANDED)
What rxns occur along cristae and intermembrane space?
Pumping protons from matrix to intermembrane space => proton motive force that produces ATP during oxidative phosphorylation; cristae contain electron transport chain
What are endosomes?
Transport, package, and sort cell material
RER vs SER
Ribosomes that allow translation of proteins that directly move to lumen vs lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons, SER also transports proteins from RER to golgi
Golgi
Where cellular products become carbs, sulfates, and phosphates or other groups and transported via to their destined location
Peroxisomes
Contain peroxide. Break down long chain of fatty acids via beta-oxidation. Sometimes help synthesize phospholipids
Components of cytoskeleton
Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
What are microfilaments made of? What do they do?
Actin; they can use ATP to interact with myosin to generate movement (ex: muscle contraction)
assist in endocytosis, assist moving vesicles by pulling (but not pushing), participates in cytokinesis
What are microtubules made of?
Tubulin; they make up cilia and flagella
Cilia vs flagella
Movement of materials along cell surface vs movement of cell itself
What are intermediate filaments?
Group of filamentous proteins such as keratin and lamin; involved in cell to cell adhesion or maintenance of cytoskeleton. Can withstand tremendous tension
What are epithelial tissue?
Cover body and line its cavities to provide protection against pathogens and dessication. They tightly join together => basement membrane. In most organs, they constitute parenchyma
Shapes and layers of epithelial cells
Cuboidal, columnar (long and thin), squamous (flat, scale-like); simple, stratified, pseudostratified
What are connective tissue?
Support structure and provide framework for epithelial cells to carry out their functions; contributes to stroma (support structure for epithelial cells); produce and secrete materials like collagen and elastin. Ex: bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood, NOT MUSCLE
Do prokaryotes have a mitochondria?
No. ETC and ATP generation are done on cell membrane
Ribosome subunits for prok vs euk
30S and 50S make 70S vs 40S and 60S make 80S
Name of prokaryotic reproduction
Binary fission (asexual); this does not inc genetic variability
How are Archaea similar to bacteria and eukaryotes?
Look like bacteria, rxn/pathways like euk
What are plasmids? And episomes?
Double stranded extrachromosomal material not within the circular chromosome;CAN SELF REPLICATE INDEP FROM ACTUAL BACTERIAL CHRM. Episomes are subset of plasmids that can integrate into bacteria genome
Transformation vs conjugation vs transduction vs transfection
Integrating foreign genetic material from environment into host genome of bacterial cell vs bacterial mating/sexual reproduction that involves conjugation bridge made of sex pili and it transfers Fertility (F) factor unidirectionally from donor male (F+) to recipient female (F-) vs a virus/vector that transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another aka bacteriophage infection vs integrating foreign genetic material into host genome of euk cell
Pos sense vs neg sense ssRNA viruses
RNA strand can be directly translated to functional proteins by host cell’s ribosomes (like mRNA) vs RNA strand acts as template so you need RNA replicase to make the complimentary strand for translation
What are retroviruses?
Enveloped, ssRNA viruses that contain reverse transcriptase which makes DNA from ssRNA. That DNA is integrated into host’s genome and host replicates and transcribes it like its own DNA. Reverse transcription occurs in cytoplasm
Name 4 types of tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve
Know all types of viral genome
ALL ds/ss RNA/DNA
What is clathrin?
Involved in endocytosis, which is functionally diff than phagocytosis
Does apoptosis spill cellular contents?
Nope (that’s probably necrosis)
Do ribosomes or lysosomes have a single membrane?
Ribosomes don’t have any membrane (that’s why they’re present in both proks and euks b/c proks don’t have membrane bound organelles). Lysosomes have a single membrane
Endomembrane system
Golgi, ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane
Which 2 organelles look most similar under electron microscope?
Smooth ER and golgi
