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Block 1 > Micro 2 > Flashcards

Micro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how to get food poisoning from S. aureus?

A

heat stable enterotoxin; NO FEVER

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2
Q

who’s more susceptible to SSS from S. aureus?

A

infants and children, acute onset of perioral erythema

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3
Q

how virulent is S. epidermitis compared to S. aureus?

A

less virulent and more indolent, does not ferment mannitol

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4
Q

does S. pneumoniae and viridans have lancefield ag?

A

nope

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5
Q

3 virulence factors in S. pneumoniae

A

polysacch capsule –> antiphag, igA protease, pneumolysin impairs mucociliary escalator

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6
Q

how to S. pneumoniae transmitted?

A

airborne and direct contact; mostly affects <2yo and >60yo; more in drier and colder months; viral infxns esp IAV inc S. pneumoniae shedding. nasopharyngeal carriage common –> lives in mucous layer, resists phag, attaches to epithelium

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7
Q

describe progression of S. pneumoniae

A

serotype dep, more likely in pts w/ COPD and IVDU

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8
Q

can S. pneumoniae cause bacteremia?

A

yes, common in pts w/ PNA but not w/ otitis media or sinusitis; endocarditis can occur secondary

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9
Q

how to dx S. pneumoniae?

A

urine pneumococcal ag rapid detection test, Quellung rxn for pneumococcal capsular serotyping

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10
Q

how to tx S. pneumoniae?

A

beta lactam and macrolide abx but resistance = increasing

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11
Q

what are the main virulence factors for Enterococcus?

A

adhere to tissues and form biofilms, high antimicrobial resistance to vancomycin

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12
Q

clinical dz of Enterococcus

A

UTI, peritonitis, wound infxns, bacteremia, endocarditis

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13
Q

how is B anthracis transmitted?

A

zoonotic, NOT person to person; spore enter body by skin contact, inhalation, ingestion of contaminate food, IV drug use

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14
Q

anthrax clinical pres

A

cutaneous by spore for vegetative form –> black eschar; GI by veg form –> nausea, bloody diarrhea, loss of appetite, fever, severe stomach pain; resp by spore form –> flu like sxs; bacteremia by any form –> fatal

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15
Q

how to dx B anthracis?

A

occupational and exposure hx (IVDU, farmer); can’t use sputum b/c airspace dz (broncho or alveolar PNA) = freq absent

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16
Q

how to tx B anthracis?

A

ab therapy w/ 2+ abx; 7-10d for cutaneous but other forms require 60d; monoclonal ab against protective ag in combo w/ abx; vaccine available and can be used w/ abx as postexposure prophylaxis

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17
Q

what dzs can B cereus cause?

A

gastroenteritis by 2 enterotoxins: heat stable (emetic) in unrefrigerated, contaminated, reheated rice; and heat liable (diarrheal) in contaminated meats and veggies. ocular infxns after penetrating eye w/ soil contaminated objects. device infxns, endocarditis in IVDU, PNA, bacteremia, meningitis

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18
Q

characteristics of B cereus?

A

opportunistic, environmental source like soil, common cx contaminant

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19
Q

what happened in 2001 for B anthracis?

A

bioterrorism in USPS envelopes

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20
Q

early vs late onset dz of neonatal listeriosis

A

acquired from placenta in utero –> granulomatous infantiseptica vs acquired at/soon after birth –> meningitis or meningoencephalitis w/ septicemia

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21
Q

pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes

A

enters into nonprof phagocyte –> internalized in a vacuole/phagosome –> secretes phospholipases and pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O –> released into cyto and uses actin polymerization to do actin rocket tail an jump to next cell –> enters another cell in double membraned vacuole

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22
Q

how to dx Listeria monocytogenes?

A

microscopy = nondiagnostic b/c bacterial titers = low –> selective media and cold enrichment (can grow in 4 degrees C) but tell lab you’re looking for Listeria monocytogenes and not confuse w/ Corynebacterium spp

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23
Q

how to tx Listeria monocytogenes?

A

combination therapy b/c bacteriostatic effects alone = not enough

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24
Q

morphology of Neisseria gonorrheae?

A

gram neg diplococci growing on chocolate agar, no capsule

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25
Q

How is Neisseria gonorrheae transmitted?

A

sex; only occurs in humans; can be passed down to neonates at birth –> purulent conjunctivitis; 2nd most common STD behind chlamydia

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26
Q

pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrheae

A

LOS not LPS, intracellular infxn of neu; pili and opa proteins aid in attachment and intracellular killing, porin proteins aid in intracellular survival, Rmp proteins and IgA protease dec ab mediated killing, ag variation of pilin proteins evade immune system

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27
Q

gonorrhea in men vs women

A

urethritis, purulent d/c vs cervicitis, vaginal d/c, PID; disseminated infxns (gonococcemia) w/ septicemia and skin or joint infxns; Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome (perihepatitis), pharyngitis & anorectal gonorrhea from oral/anal sex

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28
Q

how to dx Neisseria gonorrheae vs chlamydia?

A

rapid nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT); they don’t assess abx resistance so you still need to cx vs NAAT or ag detect

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29
Q

how to tx Neisseria gonorrheae? how to prevent?

A

challenging b/c resistant to beta lactams, tetracyclines, fluroquinolones; treat all partners. barrier protection during sex

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30
Q

major pathogens of Klebsiella vs Enterobacter vs Serratia

A

K. pneumoniae/oxytoca/granulomatis vs E. cloacae/aerogenes/sakazakii vs S. marcescens

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31
Q

transmission of Klebsiella

A

hypervirulent strains in Taiwan and SE Asia –> septicemia; granuloma inguinale or donovanosis by K. granulomatis; opportunistic and endogenous, noscomial pathogen

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32
Q

drug resistant for Kleb vs Enterobacter vs Serratia

A

resistant to all beta lactams d/t extend spectrum beta lactamases, carbapenem-resistant vs carbapenem-resistant vs nothing stated but bioterrorism potential

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33
Q

how is yersinia pestis transmitted?

A

zoonotic: bite from infected wild rodents or infected flea vector; person to person by resp droplets; direct contact w/ amplifying host

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34
Q

pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis

A

fimbriae and capsular proteins adhere to cells –> YOPs dec phag killing –> plasminogen activator (pla) protease degrade C3b and C5a

35
Q

types of dz of Yersinia pestis

A

bubonic –> high fever and painful bubo; pneumonic –> primary or secondary to bubonic, progressive bloody sputum, primary or secondary to bubonic; septicemic –> abd pain, DIC, gangrene, organ failure; pestis minor –> more benign bubonic plague

36
Q

how to dx Yersinia pestis?

A

cx, stain, serology, PCR

37
Q

systemic infx of Yersinia entercolitica

A

contaminated blood products; erythema nodosum (T4HS), reactive arthritis (T3HS)

38
Q

Pseudomonas can cause hosp-acquired infxns in pts w/?

A

opportunistic transmission; neutropenia, immunocompromised (HIV, CF), IVDU

39
Q

Is Pseudomonas a lactose fermenter? does it have mucoid?

A

no. plus/minus

40
Q

is H pylori acid sensitive?

A

yes, grows in acidic gastric pH

41
Q

epidemiology of H pylori

A

establish life-long colonization, 70-100% of pts w/ gastritis = infected w/ H pylori

42
Q

does Salmonella disseminate?

A

rarely disseminate systemically but ppl can be long term asx carrier

43
Q

what strains cause salmonellosis?

A

S. enteriditis and S. typhimurium

44
Q

Haemophilus ducreyi vs aegyptious vs parainfluenzae

A

causes extremely pain chancroid STD vs causes acute purulent conjunctivitis/pink eye; complication = Brazilian Purpuric Fever –> acute septicemia vs rare opportunistic pathogen causing endocarditis, bacteremia, brain abscesses

45
Q

Bartonella quintana vs B. bacilliformis

A

Trench fever vs Carrion dz (oroya fever –> acute hemolytic bacteremia, verruga peruana/Peruvian warts –> look like bacillary angiomatosis); in Andes of Peru, Colombia, Ecuador

46
Q

major pathogens of Bartonella

A

B. henselae, quitana, bacilliformis

47
Q

morphology of Bartonella

A

extremely fastidious (grows in cx in 2-6wks), facultative intracellular in RBCs and endothelial cells

48
Q

transmission of Bartonella

A

insect vectors or direct contact w/ infected animal; henselae = cats, fleas, quitana = lice, bacilliformis = sandflies

49
Q

how to dx Bartonella?

A

serology

50
Q

morphology of moraxella

A

aerobic diplococci

51
Q

dz of moraxella

A

otitis media, acute and chronic sinusitis, lower resp tract infxn like COPD

52
Q

dx vs tx of moraxella

A

butyrate test, doesn’t [O] carbs vs make beta lactamases b/c beta lactam resistant

53
Q

pathogen and infxn of citrobacter

A

C. freundii; opportunistic and nosocomial infxnx

54
Q

how long tick must attach to give lyme dz?

A

24h

55
Q

how to tx Borreliosis/lyme dz?

A

early tx to prevent late stages; long term abx therapy for PTLDS = ineffective

56
Q

how to dx coxiella/Q fever?

A

paired serum to test for C. burnetti ab

57
Q

morphology or myco/ureaplasma

A

smallest, free living bacteria, very pleomorphic, no cell wall, cell membrane has sterols

58
Q

pathogenesis of mycoplasma

A

P1 adhesion binds to glycoproteins at base of cilia –> lytic enzymes and H2O2 destroy cilia –> superag activity releases cytok storm

59
Q

pathogenesis of nocardia

A

secrete catalase and oxidase –> avoid phag; cord factor –> prevent phagolysosome fusion; prevent acidification of phagosome

60
Q

dx of clostridium perfringens

A

purplish, gas bubbles, MOUSY odor, severe pain; 2x zone hemolysis

61
Q

tx of clostridium perfringens

A

surgical debridement + abx + supportive care

62
Q

transmission vs risk factors of C diff

A

fecal oral vs abx exposure, GI surgery, long hosp stay, underlying illness, immunocompromised, age

63
Q

how to tx non-sporeforming anaerobic bacteria

A

metronidazole –> break DNA helix –> no protein synthesis

64
Q

epidemiology of peptostreptococcus

A

Normal flora w/ an/aerobic bacteria –> synergistic; 2nd most freq recovered anaerobes and ¼ of anaerobic isolates

65
Q

morphology of Gardnerella vaginalis

A

gram variable, nonmotile, coccobaccilli, fac anaerobe

66
Q

morphology of lactobacilli

A

gram pos aerotolerant bacilli, normal flora in oropharynx

67
Q

dz of lactobacilli

A

very rare. transient bacteremia post childbirth or GU procedure; endocarditis after dental work or dmged heart valves; opportunistic septicemia in immunocompromised

68
Q

dx of lactobacilli

A

3 pos cx 24h part

69
Q

morphology of cutibacterium acnes

A

gram pos aerotolerant bacilli; catalase pos and make propionic acid

70
Q

dz of cutibacterium acnes

A

cutaneous = acne vulgaris, comedones (not related dot hygiene)
ocular = blepharitis and endophthalmitis post surgery
orthopedic = infected joint prosthetics esp shoulder

71
Q

ex of gram neg anaerobic rods

A

bacteroides (B. fragilis = most virulent), porphyromonas, prevotella, fusobacterium; common symbionts for digestion and mucosal immunity (NOT skin)

72
Q

pathogenesis of gram neg anaerobic rods

A

fimbriae induce proinflamm responses; antiphag capsule, short chain FA inhibits phag and intracellular kills; proteases dec ab

73
Q

pathogenesis of Bacteriodes fragilis

A

heat labile zinc metalloprotease toxin –> actin rearrangement –> Cl- secretion and fluid loss

74
Q

dz of anaerobic gram neg rods

A

general: abscesses w/ low O2
resp: hx of apiration
brain: h/o chronic sinus/ear infxns and polymicrobial
intraabd: B. fragilis
gyn: prevotella
skin & soft tissue: bite, not part of nml skin microbiome
bacteremia: B. fragilis
GI: B fragilis producing enterotoxin –> colorectal ca

75
Q

how to dx anaerobic gram neg rods

A

stains show mixed pleomorphic bacteria, aerobic cx show no growth; Bacteroides Bile Esculin and Laked Kanamycin Vancomycin bi-plate (BBE/LKV)

76
Q

transmission vs dz vs dx of pasteurella

A

Zoonotic –> dog/cat bite/scratch vs pasteurellosis: lymphadenopathy and cellulitis early in infxn –> osteomyelitis vs mousy odor

77
Q

HAECK dz

A

subacute endocarditis d/t pre-existing heart dz vs clumps/aggregates; adolescent periodontitis; occurs w/ actinomyces vs from human bite wounds –> bleach like odor; occurs w/ aggregatibacter –> from nail biting and periodontal dz vs eh vs from human bites and resp droplets; osteomyelitis/septic arthritis in children 6mo-3y

78
Q

HAECK pathogens vs epidemiology

A

haemophilus, aggregatibacter, eikenella corrodens, cardiobacterium hominis, kingella kingae vs in oropharynx

79
Q

how much bacteria does coxiella need to infect?

A

1-10 organisms –> potential bioterrorism agent

80
Q

what causes TSS vs TSS like?

A

staph aureus vs group A/C of strep pyogenes

81
Q

how to tx bordetella?

A

macrolides

82
Q

how does Stx work?

A

Stx B binds Gb3 glyclolipid and transfers A subunit to 60S –> Stx A depurinates ribosome –> stop protein synthesis

83
Q

pos screening test for syphilis = confirmed by?

A

FTPPA, TPPA

Block 1 (20 decks)

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