Anatomy Flashcards
femur
greater/lesser trochanter, L/M epicondyle, L/M femoral condyles, patellar surface; L/M supracondylar line, intercondylar notch, adductor tubercle, popliteal surface
patella
base, apex, articular surface
tibia vs fibula
tibial tuberosity, L/M tibial condyle, L/M malleolus, anterior border; tibial plateau, intercondylar eminence, soleal line, ankle mortise vs interosseous border, shaft; tibiofibular joint, tibiofibular syndesmosis
foot
base, shaft, head of metatarsals/base, shaft, head of phalanges; head, neck, base of talus, calcaneal tuberosity, tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
skin organized in layers: epidermis vs dermis
superficial layer provides protection, deep layer = pigmented and regenerates vs dense layer collagen and elastic fibers –> strength and resiliency of skin
skin provides what? (5)
protection, containment, thermal reg, sensation, synthesis and storage of vit D
tension lines vs stretch marks
spiral longitudinally in limbs and run transversely in neck and trunk; incisions perpendicular to cleavage lines make gapes and scars –> make incisions parallel vs form during rapid growth or wt gain –> dmging collagen in dermis
burns: superficial vs partial thickness vs full thickness vs 4th degree vs severe burn
limited to epidermis vs epidermis and superficial dermis vs consider skin graft for tx vs extends to fascia, muscle or bone vs >20% of body surface (rule of nines: if >9% of 3 sections burned –> severe burn)
superficial fascia vs deep fascia vs subserous fascia
made of loose connective tissue and fat, superficial nerves and vessels vs made of dense organized connective tissue and no fat, layers around neurovascular structures/muscles of limbs/trunk wall/head/neck => investing fascia; for retinacula to hold tendons in place near certain joints vs lie b/w internal surface of body wall and serous membrane lining the body cavities (endothoracic, endoabd, endopelvic)
visceral layer vs parietal layer
layer fused to organs vs membrane layer attached to membrane wall
bursa vs synovial tendon sheaths
closed sacs of serous membrane that occur in locations subject to friction; usually collapsed w/ small amt of liquid; subq = b/w skin and bony prominences, subfascial = beneath deep fascia, subtendinous = facilitate movement of tendons over bone vs specialized elongated bursa that wrap around tendons –> make sure tendons don’t slide or you’ll get ganglion cyst
axial vs appendicular skel
head, neck, trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum), hyoid vs limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
vertebrae column and its 5 regions
from cranium to coccyx, protects spinal cord, support body wt, posture and locomotion. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
vertebral curvatures
thoracic and sacral kyphosis = primary curvatures that develop during fetal period; cervical and lumbar lordoses = secondary curvatures that result from extension from flexed fetal position
components of vertebra
body, pedicle, lamina, spinous process, articular process w/ articular facet, vertebral notches
cervical vertebrae characteristics. atlas vs axis vs C7
smallest and most mobile –> greatest ROM; typical C: C3-C6 and atypical C: C1, C2, C7. occipital bone, no body/spinous process/articular process vs dens –> flexion/extension vs long spinous process, doesn’t transmit vertebral artery
thoracic vertebrae characteristics.
attach to head of ribs via costal facets; tubercles of ribs articulate w/ transverse costal facets on transverse processes
lumbar vertebrae characteristics.
large bodies to support body wt, quadrangular spinous process, also have accessory process and mammillary process
sacrum characteristics vs coccyx characteristics
give strength and stability to pelvis and transmits body wt to pelvic girdle; support vertebral column and form posterior part of bony pelvis, made of 5 fused vertebrae vs formed by 4 fused rudimentary vertebrae, remnant of caudal eminence
true vs false vs floating ribs
articulate directly to sternum by costal cartilage (1-7) vs articulate indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage to rib above it (1-8) vs no articulation to sternum (11-12)
6 bones of calvarium
frontal, occipital, 2 parietal, 2 temporal
4 parts of temporal bone
squamous, mastoid, tympanic, petrous
14 facial bones
many monkeys live in very nasty public zoos: mandible, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, vomer, nasal, palatine, zygomatic
6 cranial bones
step of 6: sphenoid, temporal, ethmoid, parietal, occipital, frontal
UE characteristics
connected to axial skel by pectoral girdle; mobility and dexterity, grasp and strike, fine motor skills
4 main segments of UE: shoulder/pectoral girdle vs arm vs forearm vs hand
includes clavicle, scapula, manubrium; proximal segment overlaps thorax vs b/w shoulder and elbow, anterior and posterior regions centered at humerus, proximal segment of free upper limb vs b/w elbow and wrist, anterior and posterior regions overly radius and ulna vs made of wrist/carpals, palmar and dorsal hand, digits; dexterity and lots of sensory nerves
pectoral girdle
connects axial skel to UE; bone ring, incomplete posteriorly & completed anteriorly by articulating w/ manubrium, formed by scapulae and clavicles
does forearm directly articulate w/ carpals?
no
fibrous joints and 3 types
connected by fibrous tissue, no joint space, movement depends on fiber length that’s uniting the bones. syndemosis - bones united by sheet of connective tissue, gomphosis - movement indicating pathological state, suture
cartilaginous joints and 2 types
connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. primary synchodroses - united by hyaline cartilage, usually temporary and assoc w/ long bones; secondary symphyses - united by fibrocartilage (stronger than hyaline), strong and sl moveable
ex of primary cartilaginous joint
as long bones grow, epiphysial plate made of hyaline cartilage separates diaphysis from epiphysis; costosternal joint = only permanent primary cart joint
ex of secondary cartilaginous joint
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
synovial joint
moveable joints like gleno-humoral/shoulder, hip, ankle; articular cartilage, synovial cavity, synovial membrane, joint capsule, ligament (intrinsic or extrinsic), synovial fluid
degenerative joint dz
w/ age, articular cartilage becomes less effective shock absorber and less lubricated –> articular surfaces and underlying bone may erode –> pain assoc w/ movement; osteoarthritis affects joints that support body wt in older individuals, accompanied by stiffness/discomfort/pain
6 types of synovial joints
plane - gliding/sliding in plane of articular surface (acromioclavicular joint), hinge - flexion/extension in 1 plane (elbow - humeroradial/ulnar joint), saddle - movement in 2 planes => biaxial like ab/adduction and flex/extension (carpo-metacarpal joint), condyloid - more movement in 1 of 2 planes, biaxial (metacarpophalangeal joints), ball and socket - multaxial like flex/extension, ab/adduct, M/L rotation, circumduction (hip, shoulder), pivot - rotation around central axis (median atlantoaxial joint C1/C2)
intra-articular structures
stability and fxn, located w/in articular cavity; menisci = crescent shaped (not a complete disc), in knee joint; articular disk = disk shaped, in jaw/sternoclavicular joint/acromioclavicular joint/proximal wrist; articular labra = outer margins of hip and shoulder joint
intrinsic vs extrinsic vs intracapsular ligaments
incorporated in wall of articular capsule (oblique popliteal ligament) vs outside of articular capsule, strengthens joint capsule (fibular like LCL and tibial collateral ligament MCL) vs inside of articular capsule (anterior/posterior cruciate ligament)
Hilton’s Law
nerves supplying muscle extending directly across and acting on a given joint also innervate the joint; articular nerves transmit sensory impulses from joint that contribute to sense of proprioception
fontanelles
in newborn calvaria/skull cap, bones don’t make contact –> connected by fibrous tissue => fontanelle; bulging fontanelle –> inc intracranial pressure, depressed fontanelle –> dehydration
acetabular labrum
attached to acetabular rim and deepens socket, made of fibrocartilage –> more durable than hyaline
3 ligaments of hip joint
iliofemoral (strongest), pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
how do sprains happen?
fibers in ligaments = torn
bipeds vs quadrupeds
angular arrangement to maintain center of mass, realigns lower limb to center of trunk –> allow full wt to shift for limb to limb vs body mass = centered b/w vertical limbs –> requires simult support on each side
6 segments of LE: gluteal region vs thigh vs knee vs leg vs ankle vs foot
transition b/w trunk and free lower limb; butt and lateral hip; bounded by iliac crest and gluteal fold, overlies pelvic girdle vs b/w hip and knee; bound by inguinal ligament, ischiopubic ramus, gluteal fold vs popliteal in back/genual in front; includes condyles of distal femur, proximal tibia, patella, popliteal fossa vs b/w knee and foot, includes tibia and fibula vs talocrural region vs yep
sacroiliac joints
for stability than mobility; assoc w/ anterior/posterior sacroiliac ligaments
common tibia/fibula fx
cmpd fx aka bumper fx, stress fx, diagonal fx from excessive torsion, boot top fx
forefoot vs midfoot vs hindfoot
phalanges vs meta/tarsals vs talus and calcaneus
coxa vara vs coxa valga
<126 vs >126. wt = not distributed properly across knee joint –> instability
