Anatomy 2 Flashcards
morphogenesis: cell division vs cell migration vs cell differentiation vs cell to cell interaction vs apop
growth vs cells moving to final destination, involves cytoskel vs generalized cell to specific cell (totipotent to pluri to multi to fully differentiated) vs interacting w/ neighboring cells, involves cytoskel vs programmed cell death
epigenome
above genome; determines which genes = transcribed; consist of transpxn factors, DNA methylation and histone mods
how does differentiation occur?
epigenetics –> determines cell type (liver vs brain cell); persists throughout life and generations
juxtacrine vs gradient signaling
no secreted factors; physical contact w/ cells: surface protein of 1 cell binds to receptor of another cell; or ECM protein binds to receptor of target cell vs gradient of signal molec induces diff response on nearby cells vs farther cells
TGFB pathway I vs II
3 nml signals, secreted gradient; BMP, GDF; cell prolif/diff, mesoderm diff vs 3 nml signals, secreted gradient; TGFB, activin, nodal; cell prolif/diff, mesoderm diff, apop, ECM formation
RTK
3 signals; growth factors; cell cycling and migration
WNT (planar cell polarity)
secreted gradient; WNT; cell prolif/diff, polarity development in epithelia, changes in cell shape & movement, segmentation
Hedgehog
secreted gradient; hedgehog; cell prolif, polarization of limbs and internal body organs, somite formation
Notch
juxtacrine; delta-like (DLL) and jagged (JAG); cell prolif/diff, adhesion, migration apop, epith-mesen transition, L-R symmetry, somite formation
dysmorphology vs teratology vs teratogen vs critical period
study of structural human birth defects affecting anatomy or morphology of individual vs study of structural and functional birth defects (broader def) vs anything disrupting development like alc, cigs, infectious agents, high temp, radiation vs times of inc sensitivity; exposure during critical period –> major malformation, exposure outside critical period –> minor malformation or no effect
structural vs fxnal birth defects
problem w/ physical structure vs problem w/ fxn of body part/system (brain/neuro d/o, metabolic d/o, degenerative d/o)
developmental vs intellectual disability
group of chronic developmental conditions d/t mental or physical impairments vs limitations in intellectual learning and adaptive behavior; activity based
malformation vs deformation vs syndrome vs variation
body part that does not have expected shape or fxn as a result of developmental error –> affects survival and fxn vs 2ndary morphological defect on organ/body part by mechanical force (like missing top teeth) vs dz or d/o w/ 1+ identifying sx; can vary in severity but still same condition; from genetic, environ, infectious causes vs divergence beyond usual range of structural morphology –> may not affect survival or fxn
3 categories of genetic syndromes: chromosomal abnormalities vs single-gene defects vs multifactorial
spont, little environ influence vs inherited, some environ influence vs prenatal environ influence
Fragile X Syndrome
mutation in FMR1 gene on X chrm; mild to severe impairment, physical traits, behavior sxs; females = asx carriers; most common cause of autism and inherited mental retardation
Velocardiofacial Syndrome
30 gene deletion in chrm 22 (it’s DiGeorge)
Fetal Alc Spectrum d/o
1 preventable birth defect; dec brain growth and size, overall growth, intellect, facial deformities
spermatogenesis
starts at puberty and throughout life; spermatogonia/stem cells in seminferous tubules undergo meiosis –> 4 haploid spermatozoa/sperm –> spermatozoa/sperm = transported to the epididymis to mature –> ejac (SEVENUP)
oogenesis
starts in fetus, most die before birth; oocyte/egg = surrounded by peptidoglycan layer called zona pellucida and contained w/in follicle –> each mo, follicle enlarges and matures to die or ovulate –> follicle becomes corpus luteum post ovulation –> released oocyte w/ zona pellucida = covered by follicular cumulus cells –> meiosis resumes after ovulation –> large oocyte + 3 polar bodies
fertilization
sperm penetrate follicular cumulus cells (corona radiata, cumulus oophorous) –> reach zona pellucida –> acrosome rxn –> sperm release digestive enzyme to penetrate zona pellucida –> sperm fuses w/ oocyte membrane –> cortical rxn –> zona pellucida = impermeable to other sperm –> fusion of plasma membranes –> complete meiosis –> mature oocyte and polar body
stages of fertilized egg
ootid = cyto, pro-nuclei, cell membrane, zone pellucida; zygote = post fusion of pro-nuclei, mitosis starts; conceptus = any stage post fertilization
blastomeres vs morula vs blastocyst
aka zygote, early embryonic cells enclosed in zona pellucida, totipotent to 8-cell stage vs 16+ cells, pluripotent, inner cell mass becomes embryo proper, outer cell mass becomes trophoblast (placenta precursor) vs after morula, “early blastocyst” = still in zona pellucida and blastocoel forms, “late blastocyst” = zona pellucida disintegrates (can get identical twins here) –> late blastocyst “hatches”, inner cell mass becomes embryoblast at embryonic pole and implants, syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
implantation
on day 7, blastocyst attaches to ut at embryonic pole, sm plug visible on uterine surface, trophoblast contact ut –> differentiate to syncytiotrophoblasts (remaining trophoblasts become cytotrophoblast)
functionalis vs basalis of endometrium
undergoes cyclic changes in ovarian cycle and sheds during menstruation vs makes new functionalis for next ovarian cycle
follicular phase vs luteal phase
1wk before ovulation –> follicle secretes estrogen –> functionalis prolif vs post ovulation –> corpus luteum secretes progesterone to prep for implantation; if fert or implant don’t occur –> menstruation
failure of cranial vs caudal neuropore
ancephaly vs spina bifida.
paraxial vs intermediate vs lateral mesoderm
sclero/myo/dermatome vs kidd, ureter, gonad vs body wall/cavity, GI
neurulation vs secondary neurulation
neural plate invaginates –> neural folds fuse –> neural tube –> brain & spinal cord –> nervous system vs sacral and coccygeal parts of spinal cord form from mesoderm
what is pharyngeal membrane made of?
thin meso, ecto/endo
vasculogenensis
angioblasts -> endothelial cell –> blood island –> major vessels
how to make heart?
pericardial tube –> primordial heart –> 3 vessels –> heart connects to pharyngeal arches –> make major blood arteries for head/neck –> beats day 21-22
hematopoiesis
wk 3; yolk sac –> embryonic RBC –> definitive RBC –> liver, thymus, spleen, bone marrow –> fetal RBC –> adult RBC
where does Physis/epiphyseal/growth plate form cartilage vs mineralized?
epiphysis vs diaphysis
spina bifida vs spondyliothesis vs hemivertebra
lamina/pedicle don’t form –> vertebra canal covered by skin = occulta, open to environ –> open vs oss center in pedicle don’t fuse w/ vertebral body; in L5-S1 –> lordosis vs 1 chond center in vertebral body –> half turns to bone but other can’t b/c no model –> wedge –> scoliosis
joint formation: IZ to fibrous vs cartilaginous vs synovial
wk 6-8: strong dense connective tissue vs hyaline or fibrocartilage –> less flexible vs cavity –> joint space, outer layer –> dense outer capsule and ligaments, inner lining –> synovial membrane
rib formation vs malformation
small projections from mesenchyme grow laterally –> costal process, in thoracic –> ribs vs change in number (lumbar, cervical ribs), change in attachment site, fused ribs
sternal formation vs malformation
parietal lateral mesoderm –> sternal bars –> manubrium, body, xiphoid vs cleft sternum (sternal bars don’t fuse), pectus excavatum (dorsal sternum displacement)
neuro vs viscerocranium formation
cranial neural crest mesenchyme + paraxial mesoderm; inc in size b/c brain growth vs + pharyngeal arches. face change in size b/c eruption of teeth and growth of paranasal sinuses
suture vs fontanelle
dense fibrous connective tissue separating flat bones of skull; fuse in adulthood vs where sutures meet
5 sutures vs 6 fontanelles
coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous, frontal vs anterior, posterior, paired sphenoid, paired mastoid; sphenoid and posterior fuse at 6mo, anterior and mastoid fuse at 2yo
craniosynostosis vs microencephaly
premature suture closure –> no further growth –> abnl head shape vs abnl brain growth –> premature suture closure –> small head
oxy vs plagio vs brachy vs scaphcephaly
premature lambdoid & coronal suture closure –> tower shaped head vs premature lambdoid & coronal suture closure on 1 side vs premature coronal suture closure –> square shaped head vs premature sagittal suture closure –> wedged shaped head
vertebrae formation
wk4: sclerotome surrounds noto and NT
wk5: sclerotome disintegrates –> nucleus pulposus
wk6: chondrification centers form in mesenchyme –> make model of bone
wk7: oss center surrounding noto make vertebral body via endochondral ossification
wk8: oss center surrounding NT make vertebral arches
apex of arch = cartilaginous, arch fuse w/ body at 3-5y
bone formation: intramembranous ossification vs endochondral ossification
make flat bones of head: frontal, parietal, squamous of temporal; max, man, zygo, nasal, palatine; mesenchyme (undiff neural crest cells and mesoderm) aggregate to fibrous sheets –> osteoblasts –> make flexible unmineralized osteoid matrix –> osteoid mineralizes and traps osteoblasts –> bone and osteocytes vs chondrocytes make hyaline cartilage model w/ thin perichondrium –> mineralizes to cortical bone w/ periosteum –> primary oss center in spongy bone –> secondary oss center in epiphysis –> inner bone vasc to make bone marrow
sirenomelia
fusion of the lower limbs and malformation of the pelvic organs –> fatal. caused by insufficient mesoderm formed in the caudal region during gastrulation
situs inversus vs totalis vs partialis
internal organs are reversed (right to left) due to abnormal nodal secretion during gastrulation vs both body cavities affected vs one body cavity affected
holoprosencephaly
malformation of the head and brain, first established during gastrulation
preimplantation vs chemical preg
loss of baby before implantation vs loss of baby after implantation but before heartbeat, still hCG pos
