Metode/forelæsning 1

Question 1

what is transduction?

Answer 1

A method for moving DNA from one foreign cell to another. (wiki)

Question 2

What is the method called, which makes cells light-sensitive, so you can control and monitor them with light?

Answer 2

Optogenetics (Gazzinga p. 73).

Question 3

What is cognitive neuroscience (i think) a fusion of?

Answer 3

Neurologi, neuroscience and cognitive psychology (Gazzinga, p. 118)

Question 4

What is the imaging method called, used to evaluate the circular system of the brain?

Answer 4

Angiography (Gazzinga, p. 82)

Question 5

Blodprop på Engelsk?

Answer 5

Embolus

Question 6

what do you call a restricted blood supply for instance due to an embolus??

Answer 6

Ischemia (Iskæmi)

Question 7

what is cerebral artherioschlerosis?

Answer 7

A condition in which thickening and hardening of the vessels leads to chronical restricted blood supply. (Gazzinga, p. 79)

Question 8

Name three degenerative diseases

Answer 8

Huntingtons, parkinson’s and alzheimer’s

Question 9

Which kind of diseases are huntingtons, Parkinsons and alzheimer’s?

Answer 9

Degenerative diseases

Question 10

What do you call the study of effects of diseases in the structure and function of the brain?

Answer 10

Behavioral neurology (Gazzinga, p. 84)

Question 11

What does ‘in vivo’ mean

Answer 11

Investigations in the living organism

Question 12

Which neurochemical lesion mimics parkinsons disease?

Answer 12

systemic injection of MPTP - destroys dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra. (Gazzinga, p.83).

Question 13

which two kinds of lesions are used in animal lesion studies?

Answer 13

Surgical and neurochemical (Gazzinga, p. 83)

Question 14

What is the benefits of double dissociation studies compared to single dissociations?

Answer 14

That the double dissociation study controls for general impairments of brain injury, making it possible to investigate whether a patient has a selective impairment on a certain cognitive function and thus, that two cognitive functions are independent of each other (Gazzinga, p.83).

Question 15

Which properties of the atoms that makes up organic tissue does MRI exploit?

Answer 15

The magnetoc properties (Gazzinga 92)

Question 16

Why is the image provided by a MRI much clearer than the CT?

Answer 16

Because it distinguishes better the white matter from the grey matter (because the grey matters density of protons is much higher than in the white) (Gazzinga 93).

Question 17

How does MRI work?

Answer 17

A magnetic field makes the protons of the atoms in the tissue point to a certain direction. Radiowaves makes the protons move again (because of the energy) in a predictable direction. When radiowaves are turned off the protons go back to pointing in the direction as before, and that movement produces some energy that is pivked up by detectors outside the brain (Gazzinga 93)

Question 18

What method is used to study
the anatomical structure of the axon tracts that form the
brain’s white matt er

Answer 18

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 19

What property of the diffusion of water in the brain does DTI expliot?

Answer 19

The fact that the diffusion in the brain is Anisotropic (restricted, by the axons), rather than isotropic, as in the rest of the body. So the water moves along the axons.

Question 20

Which graph is used to visualise the date from a single-cell recording?

Answer 20

A raster-plot (Gazzinga 96).

Question 21

Why is it more reliable to use MEG to localize the source of a signal, than it is with EEG?

Answer 21

Because magnetic fields don’t get distorted on their way through the brain, skull and scalp. ((Gazzinga 102)

Question 22

What are the two drawbacks of MEG?

Answer 22

1) Can only detect current flow parralel to the scull-surface, 2) you have to keep out all other magnetic fields, to catch the small magnetic field from the brain. This requires that the SQUIDS are encased in large, liquid-helium-containing cylinders that
kee p them cold

Question 23

What method is similar to EEG, except the electrodes are placed directly on the brain?

Answer 23

Electrocortogram (ECoG). (Gazzinga 102)

Question 24

What does MEG measure?

Answer 24

ERF (event related fields) (Gazzinga 103)

Question 25

Hvilken pensumtekst roser

Answer 25

Alan Gevins i 1997

Question 26

How do Alan Gevins (1997) think that we can overcome the technical problem with EEG, that is doens offer high spatial resolution?

Answer 26

1) by recording EEGs from more electrodes,
2) by registering EEG data with anatomical information from each subject’s
MRI
3) by correcting the distortion caused by volume conduction of EEG signals through the skull and scalp, 4) by computing hypotheses about the sources of signals recorded at the scalp

Question 27

What does PET ang fMRI measure rather than direct neural activity?

Answer 27

They measure metabolic activity (correlted with neural activity)

Question 28

How are the results in a PET-scan reported

Answer 28

As changes in regional cerebral blood flow rCBF

Question 29

What does PET measure?

Answer 29

Increases in blood flow

Question 30

What method measures increases in blood flow?

Answer 30

PET. Positron emission topography.

Question 31

How does PET measure changes in blood flow?

Answer 31

By injecting a radioactive substance into the blood. This substance decays, by sending positrons from the isotops. When these positrons hit an electron, they meka gamma-waves that can be easured.

Question 32

What substanca does fMRI measure the magnetic properties of?

Answer 32

deoxyhemoglobin. Because it is paramagnetic, as opposed to hemoglobin. By measuring the ratio between deoxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin, you can see where there is activity. The more hemoglobin compared to deoxyhemoglobin, the more activity.

Question 33

What are the benefits of fMRI over PET?

Answer 33

it is cheaper and easier to maintain and does not use any radioactive tracers (it measures megnetism from the blood). The individual can thus be tested several times. Plus better spatial resolution.