methods 5-11

Question 1

Aim

Answer 1

A precise statement about the purpose of the study and what it intends to find out. The aim should include what is being studied and what the study is trying to achieve.

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

A specific, testable statement about the expected outcome of a study. Should also be operationalised.
First part of a hypothesis that needs addressing is whether or not the study predicts causation or correlation.

Question 3

Correlation

Answer 3

The researcher predicts a relationship between the two variables being investigated.

Question 4

Causation

Answer 4

The researcher predicts a difference in the DV because of manipulation of an IV.

Question 5

Significant differences

Answer 5

Differences in the DV resulting from manipulation of the IV are known as significant differences if it has been statistically shown using inferential statistics that the differences are highly unlikely to be due to chance.

Question 6

Null hypothesis

Answer 6

This states that the IV will have no effect on the DV

Question 7

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 7

This predicts that the IV will have an effect on the DV.

Question 8

Alternative hypothesis falls in one of two categories

Answer 8

Non-directional hypothesis - This does NOT state the direction of the predicted differences between conditions
Directional hypothesis - This does state the direction of the predicted differences between conditions

Question 9

How to decide whether to use directional or non-directional

Answer 9

If there is previous research in the field, use directional as the research will enable us to predict which direction the results are likely to go in
If there is no previous research, use non-directional

Question 10

What to remember when writing a hypothesis

Answer 10

• Is it a test of causation or correlation?
• Is it a null, non-directional or directional hypothesis?
• Is it in the correct tense?
• Have all the variables been included?
• Have all the variables been operationalised?

Question 11

Pilot studies

Answer 11

Small scale investigations conducted before research.
They are useful because they can help to identify whether there needs to be any modifications in the design of the planned study. They also help determine whether it would be feasible and worthwhile to conduct a full-scale study.