Metabolism/Pyruvate

Question 1

ATP carries what molecule in the active form? NADH, NADPH, FADH2?

Answer 1

Phosphoryl groups

Electrons

Question 2

CoA, lipoamide carry what molecule in the active form? Biotin?

Answer 2

Acyl Groups

CO2

Question 3

Tetrahydrofolates carry what molecule in the active form? S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)? TPP?

Answer 3

1 carbon molecule

CH3 group

Aldehydes

Question 4

NAD+ is used in what kind of processes? NADPH?

Answer 4

NAD+ is for catabolic rxn

NADPH is for anabolic rxn (“a PHAN rxn”)

Question 5

How is NADPH produced from what biologic process? NADPH is used in 4 different places. Where are they?

Answer 5

HMP Shunt

Anabolic processes
ƒRespiratory burst
Cytochrome P-450 system ƒ 
Glutathione reductase
"G-CAR"

Question 6

At low concentration, which enzyme: hexokinase or glucokinase dominants? Where is hexokinase not found?

Answer 6

hexokinase sequesters glucose in tissue

In the liver and pancreatic ß cells.

Question 7

Which has higher affinity hexokinase or glucokinase?
Which has higher capacity?
Induced by insulin?
Feedback inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate?
Induced by Diabetes in young patients?

Answer 7

Hexokinase

Glucokinase

Glucokinase (has the word glucose in its name

Hexokinase

Glucokinase

Question 8

ALT allows alanine to go to _________? Pyruvate carboxylase can turn pyruvate to oxaloacetate that can be to __________ and ________. Pyruvate carboxylase also needs what cofactor to progress?

Answer 8

Pyruvate

1. replenish TCA (provide oxaloacetate)
2. Gluconeogenesis (makes PEP)

Biotin

Question 9

Lactic Dehydrogenase requires what vitamin? LDH is a major pathway in what organs and their components (6)?

Answer 9

B3

1. RBCs
2. WBCs
3. kidney medulla
4. lens
5. testes
6. cornea

Question 10

How much ATP is made per acetyl-coA? How many acetyl-coA are there per glucose?

Answer 10

10/ATP

2 acetyl-coA per glucose

Question 11

FADH2 is metabolized at what part in the Electron transport chain? NADH enters the mitochondria via _________ and ________ shuttles?

Answer 11

Complex 2

Malate-aspartate, glycerol-3- phosphate shuttle.

“MAG energy”

Question 12

Rotenone blocks complex ? Antimycin blocks complex? Cyanide and Carbon monoxide blocks complex _? Oligomycin blocks complex _?

Answer 12

rotenONE (complex 1)

Antimycin (complex 3)
Oligomycin (complex 5)

Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide (complex 4)

Question 13

Electron Transport Inhibitors cause increase or decrease in proton gradient? (give examples) How about ATP synthase inhibitors (give examples)?

Answer 13

Decrease in proton gradient.
(complex 1, 3, 4)

Increase in proton gradient
(complex 5: oligomycin)

Question 14

Uncoupling agents do what to the membrane? This causes ______ in proton gradient and ______ in oxygen consumpton. What is the end result? Give examples.

Answer 14

increase permeability

decreased gradient

increased O2 consumption
Examples: 2,4-Dinitrophenol (weight loss), aspirin, thermogenin in brown fat.