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PHYL2064 > Metabolism L3: Understanding metabolic pathways and its influence on cell physiology > Flashcards

Metabolism L3: Understanding metabolic pathways and its influence on cell physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which organ is important for metabolic processes?

A

Liver = overshadows all metabolic pathways and processes

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2
Q

Metabolic pathways are _____- reactions that lead to biosynthesis or breakdown of natural molecules within a cell or tissue

A

enzyme-mediated biochemical

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3
Q

The Glycolysis & Krebs cycle metabolic pathways, produce _______ (primary/secondary) metabolite (the ATP)

A

primary

Eg. from glucose –> breakdown –> ATP

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4
Q

Why is it called “primary” metabolites?

A

What we need for our body use energy (cells can function using ATP)

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5
Q

Other metabolic pathways (not Glycolysis & Krebs cycle) produce _____ metabolites.

A

secondary

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6
Q

What are the 4 dedicated purposes of the metabolic pathways?

A
  1. Extraction of energy
  2. Storage of fuels
  3. Synthesis of important building blocks
  4. Elimination of waste materials
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7
Q

Both _____ and ____ reaction occur within a cell. Which reaction do we want more of?

A

Anabolic and catabolic

  • Catabolic = produces energy = positive
  • Catabolic reactions must be “AHEAD” of anabolic reactions = need to have enough ATP
  • Cell cannot function on negative energy = will go into apodosis and die
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8
Q

What are the 3 stages in the metabolic pathways to create energy (ATP) from nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates and fat?

A
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9
Q

Which out of the 3 (out of protein, carbs, fats) is absorbed by passive diffusion ?

POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTION

A

Fat

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10
Q

Amino acids are rarely (almost never used) to produce energy. What do they do then?

A

Go straight to building protein that is important for our survival and growth

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11
Q

What happens when there is too much glucose?

A

Stored as glycogen = glycogenesis

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12
Q

All 3 nutrients converge into the process of glycolysis. What is the process and the result?

A

Which help to produce pyruvic acid –> acetyl co- A –> krebbs cycle –> oxidative phosphorylation –> ATP is produced

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13
Q

What are the 3 steps to produce ATP? (going from glucose or any other nutrients to ATP)

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebbs cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
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14
Q

Which one of the 3 nutrients gives the highest about of ATP? Why?

A
  • Carbohydrates (glucose) = can produce 38 ATP
    • As it enters straight into the cycle
    • Eg. doesn’t need ATP to break it down first
    • Eg. fatty acids need ATP to break it down and goes into the Acetyl Co-A part for Krebbs Cycle
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15
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP – the principal molecule for storing & transferring energy

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16
Q

Most food energy is converted into _____ in the body. Why?

A

heat

This is why people who live in cold climates tend to eat food that is more fattening (with lots of fat) because they need to create more energy

  • Need more energy to break down fat molecules When living in a hot climate = see less “fatty” food
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17
Q

What are 3 things that ATP supplies energy for?

A
  1. Synthesis to make macromolecules
  2. Transport (pumps)
  3. Muscle contractions & cellular motility
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18
Q

NADH & FADH2 are _____ (high/low) energy molecules. What does that mean?

A

high

  • Move and carry different H+ ions along side these carrier molecules
  • Different stepping of the carrier molecules allows ATP to be produced
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19
Q

What are the 7 reactions in fuel metabolism?

A
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20
Q

If you have just had a meal and your blood sugar levels go up, what happens to try and get your blood sugar levels back to normal (decrease)?

A

Just had a meal –> blood sugar goes up –> insulin is release by Beta cells in pancreas –> activates receptors glycogenesis occurs –> blood sugar goes back to normal (decreases)

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21
Q

If you have eaten for a while and your blood sugar levels go down, what happens to try and get your blood sugar levels back to normal (increase)?

A

Having had a meal for a while –> blood sugar levels go down –> glucagon released by pancreas –> Turns glycogen (that has been stored) into glucose –> glycogenolysis occurs –> blood sugar levels goes back to normal (increase)

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22
Q

When does gluconeogenesis (amino acid –> glucose) occur?

A
  • Usually don’t touch amino acids
  • Starvation (survival)
  • Always carbs then lipids then proteins (eating up yourself –> deteriorating muscles)
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23
Q

Rarely break down amino acids into glucose (to produce energy) but do break down proteins to produce amino acids. Why?

A
  • There are certain amino acids that can’t be produced/synthesised naturally, must be introduced in diet
  • Must be broken down to be accessible
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24
Q

What are 7 of the most important metabolic reactions in humans?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric acid cycle (Krebs’ cycle)
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
  4. Pentose phosphate pathway
  5. Urea cycle
  6. Fatty acid β-oxidation
  7. Gluconeogenesis
25
Q

Cellular respiration oxidizes glucose molecules to produce _____.

A

ATP

26
Q

In carbohydrate metabolism, how does cellular respiration occur?

A
27
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol

28
Q

Where in the cell does Krebbs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

In the mitochondria (power house of the cell= produces all the energy)

29
Q

Which one out of the catabolic and anabolic reactions should always be positive? Why?

A
  • Catabolic reactions must be “AHEAD” of anabolic reactions = need to have enough ATP
  • Cell cannot function on negative energy = will go into apodosis and die
30
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

31
Q

Fats (lipids) absorbed from _____ or synthesized by the _____

A

food; liver

32
Q

What are the 3 main types of fat in the body?

A
  1. Triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids): stored in fat cells
  2. Cholesterol involved with cell structure/membranes and Hormones/steroids, bile acids, signalling molecules
  3. Phospholipids part of cell structure
33
Q

Which 2 main fat types can travel in the blood?

A
  1. Triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids): stored in fat cells
  2. Cholesterol involved with cell structure/membranes and Hormones/steroids, bile acids, signalling molecules
34
Q

What are the 3 major lipid pathways?

A
  1. Lipolysis - is the hydrolysis of the lipids (mainly TG) produce glycerol &fatty acids.
  2. β-oxidation: conversion of fatty acids into acetyl CoA (fatty acids catabolism)
  3. Lipogenesis - lipid anabolism (cholesterol synthesis, ketogenesis, synthesis of other lipids)
35
Q

All lipid athways converge to _____. What does that mean?

A

Acetyl-CoA

Can only enter here (unlike glucose which enters from the beginning)

36
Q

What does the major lipid pathway look like?

A
37
Q

Lipids enter the energy production process at a different entry point. Where is this point?

A

Acetyl Co-A

38
Q

Fat has higher calories than glucose but give less ATP than glucose. Why?

A
  • Very expensive (uses to much energy to go from lipids to energy) as it requires ATP to break down
    • Too much energy used to break down lipid that the end yield is less ATP (overall)
    • Uses higher amount of ATP to break down lipid compared to glucose
39
Q

What does the pathways of protein metabolism look like?

A
40
Q

What is one time/point in life that we actually rely heavily on proteins and fats?

A

During first months of life (drink milk)

  • Milk is made of fat and proteins = need high amount of calories for growth (amino acids)
41
Q

When too much amino acid, what happens to baby’s breath?

A

Very strong bad breath of urea (from deamination)

42
Q

What is deamination?

A

In the case that need to use amino acids, need to remove groups (ammonia and CO2= forms urea) as it is too toxic = deamination

43
Q

What are occurs in the breakdown of amino acids?

A
44
Q

What are the 3 major nutrients which break down to produce energy?

A

Can enter any point of the cycle

45
Q

What are 3 catabolic hormones?

A
  1. Cortisol
  2. Glucagon
  3. Adrenaline/epinephrine
46
Q

What is the function of the catabolic hormone, cortisol?

A

Released from the adrenal gland in response to stress; its main role is to increase blood glucose levels by gluconeogenesis (breaking down fats and proteins)

47
Q

What is the function of the catabolic hormone, glucagon?

A

Released from alpha cells in the pancreas either when starving or when the body needs to generate additional energy; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose levels; its effect is the opposite of insulin; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative-feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels

48
Q

What is the function of the catabolic hormone, adrenaline?

A

Released in response to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; increases heart rate and heart contractility, constricts blood vessels, is a bronchodilator that opens (dilates) the bronchi of the lungs to increase air volume in the lungs, and stimulates gluconeogenesis

49
Q

Why do you need to activate catabolic pathways? (2 hormones- cortisol and adrenaline)

A

•Fight or flight situation -> need more ATP –> eg.able to “run”

  • Need to produce a large amount
50
Q

What are 5 anabolic hormones?

A
  1. Growth Hormone (GH)
  2. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
  3. Insulin
  4. Testosterone
  5. Oestrogen
51
Q

What is the function of the anabolic hormone, growth hormone?

A

Synthesized and released from the pituitary gland; stimulates the growth of cells, tissues, and bones

52
Q

What is the function of the anabolic hormone, insulin-like growth factor?

A

Stimulates the growth of muscle and bone while also inhibiting cell death (apoptosis)

53
Q

What is the function of the anabolic hormone, insulin?

A

Produced by the beta cells of the pancreas; plays an essential role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, controls blood glucose levels, and promotes the uptake of glucose into body cells; causes cells in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver to take up glucose from the blood and store it in the liver and muscle as glucagon; its effect is the opposite of glucagon; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negativefeedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels

54
Q

What is the function of the anabolic hormone, testosterone?

A

Produced by the testes in males and the ovaries in females; stimulates an increase in muscle mass and strength as well as the growth and strengthening of bone

55
Q

What is the function of the anabolic hormone, oesterogen?

A

Produced primarily by the ovaries, it is also produced by the liver and adrenal glands; its anabolic functions include increasing metabolism and fat deposition

56
Q

The bulk of stored metabolic fuel is in the form of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue which is sufficient to prolong life for ____ months

A

3

57
Q

Protein is the second most abundant stored fuel (____ days worth of energy) which is spared for as long as possible to permit mobility.

A

14

58
Q

In an ideal case, A normal person can live up to ____ months on a desert island with just water. How do they get energy?

A

3.5

Can be self sufficient for a while if you have water (have enough fat and protein)

PHYL2064 (29 decks)

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