ANS L1: ANS Structure and Function Flashcards
The ANS regulates visceral activities normally outside the _______ and voluntary control.
realm of consciousness
What are 4 examples of The ANS regulates visceral activities normally outside the realm of consciousness and voluntary control.
- circulation
- digestion
- sweating
- pupillary size.
What are 2 splits of the nervous system?
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS- (all neurons are outside the CNS))
What are 2 splits of the PNS?
- Afferent (sensory)
- Efferent (motor)
What are 2 splits of the efferent (motor) NS?
- Somatic (skeletomotor)
- Visceral (autonomic- controls all organs) (Heart rate, breathing rate, gut activity…etc - Involuntary (not in realm of consciousness)
What is the consciousness?
Separation of outside world and self, and simulation;
What is stimulation?
“The trouble with overt trial is that it takes time and energy. The trouble with overt error is that it is often fatal. Simulation is both safer and faster.”
“Perhaps consciousness arises when the brain’s simulation of the world becomes so complete that it must include a _____of itself.”
model
What structure(s) / mechanism(s) is/are necessary to achieve a precise control of visceral organ activities?
- Sympathetic system
- fight-or-flight response
- Parasympathetic system
- Quiet, relaxed situation Break and accelerator
What are 3 exceptions of structures structure(s) / mechanism(s) is/are necessary to achieve a precise control of visceral organ?
- Most blood vessels
- Most sweat glands
- Salivary glands
What are 9 effects of sympathetic dominance?
- Increased CO (HR x SV)
- Generalised vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation of blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles
- Increased blood pressure
- Airway dilation
- Pupil dilation (far vision)
- Glycogenolysis
- Increased sweating
- Inhibition of urinary and digestive activities
What are 4 effects of sympathetic dominance?
- Increased urinary activity
- Increased digestive activity (eg insulin secretion, increased motility of digestive tract)
- Stimulation of mucus production in airways
- Sex?
Does sex have sympathetic or parasympathetic dominance?
Both sympathetic (orgasmic contraction) and parasympathetic (erection) NS
What is the structure of the ANS?
What does the preganglionic fibre connect to?
Central nervous system Autonomic ganglion (via preganglionic neurotransmitter)
What does the postganglionic fibre connect to?
Autonomic ganglion to Effector organs
What do varicosity do?
Connect to effector organs via post ganglionic neurotransmitter
What are sympathetic varicosities?
Where does the parasympathetic come out in the CNS?
Very high and low of CNS
In the parasympathetic NS, the preganglionic fibre is very _____ (short/long).
Short
In the parasympathetic NS, the postganglionic fibre is very _____ (short/long).
Long
Where does the sympathetic come out in the CNS?
Comes out of thoracolumbar area
In the sympathetic NS, the preganglionic fibre is very _____ (short/long).
Short
In the sympathetic NS, the postganglionic fibre is very _____ (short/long).
Long
Liver, heart and lung -> are controlled by both ____ and ____ NS
parasympathetic; sympathetic
What is the adrenal medulla?
Modified sympathetic ganglion that, on stimulation by the preganglionic fibre, secretes hormones (adrenaline and noradrenaline) into the blood.
What is another name for noradrenaline?
Norepinephrine
What is another name for adrenaline?
Epinephrine
How does sympathetic activation affect the blood vessels?
Constriction
How does sympathetic activation affect the lungs?
Dilation of airways
How does sympathetic activation affect the digestive tract?
↓ motility Contraction of sphincters
How does sympathetic activation affect the gallbladder?
Relaxation
How does sympathetic activation affect the urinary bladder?
Relaxation
How does sympathetic activation affect the eye?
Dilation of pupil
How does sympathetic activation affect the liver?
Glycogenolysis
How does sympathetic activation affect the heart?
↑ HR, ↑ force of contraction
How does sympathetic activation affect the adipose cells?
Lipolysis
How does sympathetic activation affect the genitals?
Ejaculation and orgasmic contraction
How does sympathetic activation affect the brain activity?
↑ alertness
How does sympathetic activation affect the exocrine glands?
↓ secretion ↑ secretion (most sweat glands) Small volume of thick saliva
How does sympathetic activation affect the endocrine glands?
Adrenaline & and Noradrenaline ↓ insulin
How does parasympathetic activation affect the heart?
↓ HR, ↓ force of contraction (atrium)
How does parasympathetic activation affect the blood vessel?
Dilation (penis & clitoris only)
How does parasympathetic activation affect the lungs?
Constriction of airways
How does parasympathetic activation affect the digestive tract?
↑ motility Relaxation of sphincters ↑ digestive secretion
How does parasympathetic activation affect the gallbladder?
Contraction (emptying)
How does parasympathetic activation affect the urinary bladder?
Contraction (emptying)
How does parasympathetic activation affect the eye?
Constriction of pupil
How does parasympathetic activation affect the liver?
None
How does parasympathetic activation affect the adipose cells?
None
How does parasympathetic activation affect the genitals?
Erection (penis and clitoris)
How does parasympathetic activation affect the brain activity?
None
How does parasympathetic activation affect the exocrine glands?
↑ secretion ↑ secretion (some sweat glands) Large volume of watery saliva
How does parasympathetic activation affect the endocrine glands?
None ↑ insulin and glucagon
