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PHYL2064 > GIT L3: Lower GIT > Flashcards

GIT L3: Lower GIT Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 steps in the peristaltic contractions of the stomach (gastric emptying and mixing)?

A
  1. Contraction from fundus to antrum
  2. Strong contraction at the end pulls the 2 sides of the stomach and increases the pressure at the end of the pyloric valve
  3. Some of the food spills out “emptying”
  4. Pyloric valves closes
  5. No liquid can pass anymore
  6. Returning wave makes the “mixing”
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2
Q

What is the function of the duodenum section of the small intestine?

A

Juices important for absorption are released

Since the stomach only produces peptin (which absorbs protein) this part is important to absorb other nutrients

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3
Q

What are 2 parts of the pancreas?

A
  1. Endocrine part
    • insulin and glucose
  2. Exocrine part
    • Duct cells - secrete aqueous alkaline solution
      • to balance the acidity back to neutral as the small intestine does not have the strength to sustain in such an acidic pH
      • Lubrication for transport
    • Acinar cells- secrete digestive enzymes important for digestion of food
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4
Q

What are the 2 cells in the exocrine part of the pancreas?

A
  1. Duct cells - secrete aqueous alkaline solution
    • to balance the acidity back to neutral as the small intestine does not have the strength to sustain in such an acidic pH
    • Lubrication for transport
  2. Acinar cells- secrete digestive enzymes important for digestion of food
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5
Q

What do the duct cells secrete?

A

aqueous NaHCO3 – solution

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6
Q

What do acinar cells secrete?

A

digestive enzymes

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7
Q

What is the control of pancreatic aqueous NaHCO3- secretion?

A
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8
Q

What is the control of pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion?

A
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9
Q

What are 2 hormones that are produced when food will activate receptors of the wall of the duodenum?

A
  1. Secretin
  2. CCK
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10
Q

What is the importance of regulation within the GIT?

A

2 different inputs activate certain cell types and will produce different outcomes (that are both very important for the contra-balance of acidity and the production of enzymes needed for digestion of food)

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11
Q

What are pancreatic enzymes?

A

Zymogen granules of secretory cells contain digestive enzymes:

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12
Q

What are 4 digestive pancreatic enzymes?

A
  1. Proteolytic enzymes: break certain proteins apart
    • Trypsinogen (inactive)
    • Chemo-trypsinogen
    • Pro-carboxypeptidase
  2. Alpha-amylase: similar to salivary amylase, breaks down carbohydrates
  3. Lipase: breaks down complex lipids (triglycerides)
  4. Nucleases: break down nucleic acids
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13
Q

What are proteolytic enzymes?

A

break certain proteins apart

  • Trypsinogen (inactive)
  • Chemo-trypsinogen
  • Pro-carboxypeptidase
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14
Q

What is alpha-amylase enzymes?

A
  • similar to salivary amylase
  • breaks down carbohydrates
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15
Q

What is lipase?

A

breaks down complex lipids (triglycerides)

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16
Q

What are nucleases?

A

break down nucleic acids

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17
Q

What are 3 external features of the liver and gallbladder?

A
  1. Metabolic Functions
  2. Bile Production
  3. Blood circulation and filtration
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18
Q

What is the functional organisation of the liver?

A
  1. Blood comes in from liver
  2. Gets filtered
  3. Produced into bile
  4. Collected from liver and stored into gall bladde

Bile is released connected to the pancreas

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19
Q

What is one function of the liver in terms of the GIT?

A

produce & secrete bile (600-1200ml/day)

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20
Q

What is bile?

A

An alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes

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21
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

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22
Q

Where is bile discharged?

A

Duodenum

23
Q

What are the 2 functions of bile?

A
  1. Lipid digestion & absorption; absorption of cholesterol and fat soluble vit; A, D, E, & K.
  2. Major route for cholesterol synthesis & degradation
24
Q

What are bile salts?

A

emulsify large fat particles into tiny particles that can be attacked by lipases

25
Q

_____ important for the release of bile into GIT (from gall bladder)

A

CCK

26
Q

Bile is actually ______(95%) at this level and transported back into the liver because bile salts are important for _____ centres in liver (very precious and must be conserved/maintained) So we don’t completely lose it (except 5% lost in faeces)

A

reabsorbed; cholesterol

27
Q

______% of bile in faeces is what gives it it’s colour (among other things)

A

5

28
Q

The small intestine plays key role in digestion and ______ of nutrients – Most digestion and 90% of nutrient

A

absorption

Breakdown of rest of nutrients (excluding protein)

29
Q

The small intestine runs from _____sphincter to the ____valve.

A

pyloric; ileocecal

30
Q

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
31
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

25 cm long segment closest to stomach

32
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

2.5 meter long, middle segment, and is the location of most chemical digestion & nutrient absorption!

33
Q

What is the ileum?

A

3.5 meter long segment, joins large intestine at ileocecal valve

34
Q

The lining of the small intestine is made up of numerous features. What are the 2 structures?

A
  1. Villi
  2. Microvilli
35
Q

What are villi?

A

finger like projections of the mucosa

36
Q

What are microvilli?

A

tiny structures that increases intestinal surface area 600-fold

37
Q

What is the purpose of having a mucosa with villi and microvilli? Why must we have these structures?

A

Increase SA for more chances for reabsorption ~ a tennis court size (SA) of food

Make sense to have the highest possible SA within small intestine (where most absorption takes place) –> to absorb as much as we possibly can

38
Q

The function of the GIT is to absorb _____ from outside world into body to produce _____ to survive. Why?

A

nutrients; ATP

39
Q

What does carbohydrate digestion look like?

A
40
Q

What does amino acid digestion look like?

A
41
Q

What is the basic building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

42
Q

What is the basic building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

43
Q

Anything that isn’t completely broken down cannot be absorbed –> will just be _____

A

defecated

44
Q

What is the purpose of the Na+/K+ pump in absorption in the GIT?

A
  • Balance the Na+ levels due to the active transport of amino acids which requires active transport (with Na+) into the cell
  • Without, the transportation would be slowed down drastically
45
Q

What does lipid digestion look like?

A
46
Q

What are the 3 functions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Storage of Waste
  2. Water reabsorption
  3. Defecation
47
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the large intestine mucousa?

A
  1. Lacks villi
  2. produces mucous to lubricate faeces
  3. secrete HCO3
48
Q

What are the 3 parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum & Anus
49
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of cecum?

A
  1. Has a valve (illeocecal)
  2. Has part of food which hasn’t been absorbed starts the journey to defecation
  3. Appendix
50
Q

Large intestine ______ as much as possible –> when need water (eg. no drinking enough water) Stool becomes very solid and hard

A

absorbs

51
Q

All the GIT processes are _____ (voluntary/involuntary) except for the beginning (swallowing, chewing)

A

involuntary

52
Q

What are 3 steps of the defecation?

A
  1. Stretch receptors get activated when they feel the presence of stool
  2. Send spinals within the spinal cord to the central NS
  3. Central NS does 2 things
    • Activates external anal sphincter
    • Informs body that need to go to bathroom
53
Q

Defectation is a _____ behaviour. Adults vs babies.

A

learnt

  • Adults –> when we feel the urge to use the toilet, can hold it in until we go to the toilet
  • Babies –> when feel the urge –> will just go (have not learn the loop- cortex of the brain)
54
Q

SUMMARY of Digestive Processes for Three Major Categories of Nutrients

EXAM QUESTION (nutrients and enzyme)

A

PHYL2064 (29 decks)

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