Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition > Metabolism and Alcohol > Flashcards

Metabolism and Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

The balance in the body between the reactions that build things up, repair, or store things in the body (anabolism) and the reactions that break things down (catabolism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anabolism

A

reactions that build things up, repair, or store things in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

catabolism

A

reactions that break things down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ATP

A

A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

enzymes

A

Facilitators of metabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

coenzymes

A

a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pyruvate

A

output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acetyl-coA

A

molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oxaloacetate

A

intermediate of the citric acid cycle, where it reacts with acetyl-CoA to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

TCA cycle/The Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle

A

the three-stage process by which living cells break down organic fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest the energy they need to grow and divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

electron transport chain

A

A group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions coupled with the transfer of proton across a membrane to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

anaerobic

A

doesn’t need oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

aerobic

A

needs oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

mitochondria

A

membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lactate

A

the process by which cells produce energy without oxygen around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

process of making glucose from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids (fats) or proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ketone bodies

A

Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat instead of the sugar glucose for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

keto acid

A

organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Acetaldehyde

A

an intermediate in alcohol metabolism that is responsible for many hangover effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fibrosis

A

development of fibrous connective tissue as a reparative response to injury or damage

22
Q

Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

A

a system of enzymes in the liver that oxidize not only alcohol, but several classes of drugs

23
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

a condition that is similar to dementia and is caused by drinking too much alcohol (lack of thiamin)

24
Q

Alcohol dehydrogenase

A

the enzyme responsible for alcohol metabolism

25
Q

What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions? What are examples of both?

A

-anabolic: include the making of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein
~ synthesis of glycogen from glucose
-catabolic: include the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein
~process of food digestion

26
Q

The breakdown of glucose for energy results in which high energy compound? Why is this
important?

A

ATP

-It’s the only chemical in the body that can be directly used as energy

27
Q

In which part of the cell does glycolysis happen? Which part of the cell does the TCA cycle
happen?

A
  • cytoplasm

- mitochondrion

28
Q

Diagram and describe the main steps of glycolysis. Start with glucose and end with pyruvate

A

hexokinase
-conversion of D-glucose into glucose-6-phosphate

Phosphoglucose Isomerase
-rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) into fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by glucose phosphate isomerase

Phosphofructokinase
-Phosphofructokinase, with magnesium as a cofactor, changes fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Aldolase
-Aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other.

Triosephosphate isomerase
-triosephosphate isomerase rapidly inter- converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP)

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase
-(GAPDH) dehydrogenates and adds an inorganic phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Phosphoglycerate Kinase
-Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate

Phosphoglycerate Mutase
-The enzyme phosphoglycero mutase relocates the P from 3- phosphoglycerate from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate

Enolase
-The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP)

Pyruvate Kinase
-The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP

29
Q

The fate of pyruvate can be anaerobic or aerobic.

How does this affect how we use pyruvate?

A
  • aerobic: pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and continues through the Citric Acid Cycle
  • anaerobic: pyruvate goes through a reduction reaction that results in the production of Lactate
30
Q

Describe the main steps of fatty

acid oxidation.

A

-dehydrogenation to create FADH2
and a fatty acyl group with a double bond in the trans configuration;
-hydration across the double bond to put a hydroxyl group on carbon 3 in the L configuration;
-oxidation of the hydroxyl group to make a ketone; and
-thiolytic cleavage to release acetyl-CoA and a fatty acid two carbons shorter than the starting one.

31
Q

Diagram and describe the TCA cycle. What does the TCA cycle yield? What are the important
intermediates and by-products?

A
  • metabolizes acetate derived from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  • intermediates: oxaloacetate and citrate
  • byproducts: Co2 and water
32
Q

How does the electron transport chain function?

A

it pumps and creates a gradient

33
Q

What happens to the storage of nutrients during the “feasting” state?

A

the body stores a small amount of glycogen and much larger quantities of fat

34
Q

What does our body do to adapt during the “fasting” state?

A

making glucose, creating an alternative fuel, conserving energy

35
Q

What makes up one alcoholic beverage?

A

.5 oz. of pure ethanol

36
Q

What is the definition of moderation for females and males?

A

1 drink for females, 2 for males

37
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down alcohol?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

38
Q

Why are females more likely to have a higher blood alcohol content even if muscle mass,
height, weight, all other anthropometric variables are the same as a male?

A

they make less alcohol dehydrogenase

39
Q

Why does alcohol intake lead to increased adipose tissue? (hint: describe the metabolism of
alcohol)

A
  • alcohol dehydrogenase turns alcohol into acetaldehyde
  • acetaldehyde dehydrogenase turns to acetaldehyde into acetate
  • acetate is turned into acetyl CoA
  • When excess acetyl CoA is produced that cannot be processed through the Krebs cycle, the acetyl CoA is converted into triglycerides and fatty acids to be stored in the liver and adipose tissue
40
Q

Name the 3 stages of liver deterioration and briefly describe each stage.

A

○ 1st=fatty liver seen in heavy drinkers, interferes with nutrients and O2
§ Reversible
○ 2nd stage=fibrosis (alcoholic hepatitis)
§ Some liver cells can regenerate
§ Nutritional help and stop drinking
○ 3rd and final stage=cirrhosis
§ Damage is almost irreversible

41
Q

Is alcohol a stimulant or depressant? What hormone does this impact in relation to
hydration status?

A

-depressant
-Depression of antidiuretic hormone
§ Loss of body water
§ Loss of important minerals

42
Q

Explain how alcohol can lead to malnutrition.

A

Alcohol contributes to malnutrition by replacing foods needed for essential nutrients and by interfering with absorption, storage or metabolism of the essential nutrients

43
Q

In which process is the cytoplasm involved?

A

glycolysis

44
Q

The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is known as

A

glycolysis

45
Q

Which of the following is a feature of aerobic metabolism?

A

Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism

46
Q

In the Cori cycle, lactate is converted to glucose in the

A

liver

47
Q

Which of the following statements is not true of pyruvate?

A

The pathway of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is reversible

48
Q

In energy metabolism, glycerol can convert to

A

glucose or pyruvate

49
Q

Once acetyl CoA is formed, it has two main options: to generate ATP or to

A

make fats

50
Q

Which of these statements about the electron transport chain is true?

A

It captures energy in the ATP bonds

51
Q

Which of the following compounds can be synthesized by carbohydrate, protein, and fat?

A

acetyl CoA

Nutrition (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions