Metabolism and Alcohol

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

The balance in the body between the reactions that build things up, repair, or store things in the body (anabolism) and the reactions that break things down (catabolism)

Question 2

anabolism

Answer 2

reactions that build things up, repair, or store things in the body

Question 3

catabolism

Answer 3

reactions that break things down

Question 4

ATP

Answer 4

A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA

Question 5

enzymes

Answer 5

Facilitators of metabolic reactions

Question 6

coenzymes

Answer 6

a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme

Question 7

pyruvate

Answer 7

output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis

Question 8

acetyl-coA

Answer 8

molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Question 9

Oxaloacetate

Answer 9

intermediate of the citric acid cycle, where it reacts with acetyl-CoA to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase

Question 10

TCA cycle/The Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle

Answer 10

the three-stage process by which living cells break down organic fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest the energy they need to grow and divide

Question 11

electron transport chain

Answer 11

A group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions coupled with the transfer of proton across a membrane to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis

Question 12

glycolysis

Answer 12

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

Question 13

anaerobic

Answer 13

doesn’t need oxygen

Question 14

aerobic

Answer 14

needs oxygen

Question 15

mitochondria

Answer 15

membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

Question 16

lactate

Answer 16

the process by which cells produce energy without oxygen around

Question 17

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 17

process of making glucose from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids (fats) or proteins

Question 18

ketone bodies

Answer 18

Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat instead of the sugar glucose for energy

Question 19

keto acid

Answer 19

organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group

Question 20

Acetaldehyde

Answer 20

an intermediate in alcohol metabolism that is responsible for many hangover effects

Question 21

fibrosis

Answer 21

development of fibrous connective tissue as a reparative response to injury or damage

Question 22

Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Answer 22

a system of enzymes in the liver that oxidize not only alcohol, but several classes of drugs

Question 23

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 23

a condition that is similar to dementia and is caused by drinking too much alcohol (lack of thiamin)

Question 24

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Answer 24

the enzyme responsible for alcohol metabolism

Question 25

What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions? What are examples of both?

Answer 25

-anabolic: include the making of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein ~ synthesis of glycogen from glucose -catabolic: include the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein ~process of food digestion

Question 26

The breakdown of glucose for energy results in which high energy compound? Why is this important?

Answer 26

ATP | -It's the only chemical in the body that can be directly used as energy

Question 27

In which part of the cell does glycolysis happen? Which part of the cell does the TCA cycle happen?

Answer 27

- cytoplasm | - mitochondrion

Question 28

Diagram and describe the main steps of glycolysis. Start with glucose and end with pyruvate

Answer 28

hexokinase -conversion of D-glucose into glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucose Isomerase -rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) into fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by glucose phosphate isomerase Phosphofructokinase -Phosphofructokinase, with magnesium as a cofactor, changes fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase -Aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. Triosephosphate isomerase -triosephosphate isomerase rapidly inter- converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase -(GAPDH) dehydrogenates and adds an inorganic phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate Kinase -Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerate Mutase -The enzyme phosphoglycero mutase relocates the P from 3- phosphoglycerate from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate Enolase -The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) Pyruvate Kinase -The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP

Question 29

The fate of pyruvate can be anaerobic or aerobic. | How does this affect how we use pyruvate?

Answer 29

- aerobic: pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and continues through the Citric Acid Cycle - anaerobic: pyruvate goes through a reduction reaction that results in the production of Lactate

Question 30

Describe the main steps of fatty | acid oxidation.

Answer 30

-dehydrogenation to create FADH2 and a fatty acyl group with a double bond in the trans configuration; -hydration across the double bond to put a hydroxyl group on carbon 3 in the L configuration; -oxidation of the hydroxyl group to make a ketone; and -thiolytic cleavage to release acetyl-CoA and a fatty acid two carbons shorter than the starting one.

Question 31

Diagram and describe the TCA cycle. What does the TCA cycle yield? What are the important intermediates and by-products?

Answer 31

- metabolizes acetate derived from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - intermediates: oxaloacetate and citrate - byproducts: Co2 and water

Question 32

How does the electron transport chain function?

Answer 32

it pumps and creates a gradient

Question 33

What happens to the storage of nutrients during the “feasting” state?

Answer 33

the body stores a small amount of glycogen and much larger quantities of fat

Question 34

What does our body do to adapt during the “fasting” state?

Answer 34

making glucose, creating an alternative fuel, conserving energy

Question 35

What makes up one alcoholic beverage?

Answer 35

.5 oz. of pure ethanol

Question 36

What is the definition of moderation for females and males?

Answer 36

1 drink for females, 2 for males

Question 37

What is the enzyme that breaks down alcohol?

Answer 37

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 38

Why are females more likely to have a higher blood alcohol content even if muscle mass, height, weight, all other anthropometric variables are the same as a male?

Answer 38

they make less alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 39

Why does alcohol intake lead to increased adipose tissue? (hint: describe the metabolism of alcohol)

Answer 39

- alcohol dehydrogenase turns alcohol into acetaldehyde - acetaldehyde dehydrogenase turns to acetaldehyde into acetate - acetate is turned into acetyl CoA - When excess acetyl CoA is produced that cannot be processed through the Krebs cycle, the acetyl CoA is converted into triglycerides and fatty acids to be stored in the liver and adipose tissue

Question 40

Name the 3 stages of liver deterioration and briefly describe each stage.

Answer 40

○ 1st=fatty liver seen in heavy drinkers, interferes with nutrients and O2 § Reversible ○ 2nd stage=fibrosis (alcoholic hepatitis) § Some liver cells can regenerate § Nutritional help and stop drinking ○ 3rd and final stage=cirrhosis § Damage is almost irreversible

Question 41

Is alcohol a stimulant or depressant? What hormone does this impact in relation to hydration status?

Answer 41

-depressant -Depression of antidiuretic hormone § Loss of body water § Loss of important minerals

Question 42

Explain how alcohol can lead to malnutrition.

Answer 42

Alcohol contributes to malnutrition by replacing foods needed for essential nutrients and by interfering with absorption, storage or metabolism of the essential nutrients

Question 43

In which process is the cytoplasm involved?

Answer 43

glycolysis

Question 44

The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is known as

Answer 44

glycolysis

Question 45

Which of the following is a feature of aerobic metabolism?

Answer 45

Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism

Question 46

In the Cori cycle, lactate is converted to glucose in the

Answer 46

liver

Question 47

Which of the following statements is not true of pyruvate?

Answer 47

The pathway of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is reversible

Question 48

In energy metabolism, glycerol can convert to

Answer 48

glucose or pyruvate

Question 49

Once acetyl CoA is formed, it has two main options: to generate ATP or to

Answer 49

make fats

Question 50

Which of these statements about the electron transport chain is true?

Answer 50

It captures energy in the ATP bonds

Question 51

Which of the following compounds can be synthesized by carbohydrate, protein, and fat?

Answer 51

acetyl CoA