Chapters 1-2, Food Safety, and Labeling Flashcards
chronic disease
diseases characterized by slow progression and long duration
diet
the foods and beverages a person eats and drinks
cultural competence
awareness and acceptance of cultures; ability to interact effectively with people of diverse cultures
phytochemicals
nonnutrient compounds found in plants
Energy density
a measure of the energy a food provides relative to the weight of the food (kcalories per gram)
nutrient density
amount of a nutrient/kcals
correlation
simultaneous increase, decrease, or change in two variables
Double Blind Experiment
an experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researchers know which subjects are members of the experimental group and which are serving as control subjects, until after the experiment is over
placebo
an inert, harmless medication given to provide comfort and hope; a sham treatment used in controlled research studies
hypothesis
an unproven statement that tentatively explains the relationships between two or more variables
variables
factors that change
peer-review
a process in which a panel of scientists rigorously evaluates a research study to ensure that the scientific method was followed
Meta-analysis
an objective and statistical summary of evidence gathered from multiple selected studies to develop a quantitative review; often derived from a systematic review
DRIs
a set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the United States and Canada
RDA
the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people; a goal for dietary intake by individuals
AI
the average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion; a value used as a guide for nutrient intake when an RDA cannot be determined
Tolerable Upper Intake level
the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects
Malnutrition
any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients
Undernutrition
deficient energy or nutrients
overnutrition
excess energy or nutrients
Nutrition Assessment
a comprehensive analysis of a person’s nutrition status that uses health, socioeconomic, drug, and diet histories; anthropometric measurements; physical examinations; and laboratory tests
Anthropometric
relating to measurement of the physical characteristics of the body, such as height and weight
Risk Factor
a condition or behavior associated with an elevated frequency of a disease but not proved to be causal
Nutritional Genomics
the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes (nutrigenomics) and how genes affect the activities of nutrients (nutrigenetics)
Discuss the factors that can influence food choices and how these choices can impact acute and chronic
illness
Factors: • Personal preference ○ Taste: sweet and salty, genetics • Habit • MARKETING • Ethnic heritage or tradition • Social interactions • Availability, convenience, and economy ○ Benefits of homecooked meals • Positive and negative associations
-choosing to eat an unhealthy diet for a long period of time can cause chronic or acute illlness
What is a nutrient? Name the six classes of nutrients found in foods. What is an essential nutrient?
- chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body’s tissues
- Water, Minerals, Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids (fats),
- nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs; also called indispensable nutrients
Which nutrients are inorganic and which are organic? How do you know?
- inorganic: water, minerals
- organic: vitamins, carbs, proteins, lipids
- if they are organic, they contain carbon
Which nutrients yield energy and how much energy do they yield per gram? How is energy measured?
What happens to excessive energy when consumed?
- carbs (4kcal/g), protein (4), fat (9)
- kcals
- it will be stored as body fat
Describe how alcohol resembles nutrients. Why is alcohol not considered a nutrient?
- alcohol has an energy yield like nutrients
- it does not support the growth, maintenance, and repair of the body
Explain different levels of processed foods and why this term might be helpful or not so helpful when
educating others
- unprocessed, processed, ultra-processed
- not all processed foods are bad because nutrients can be added to the foods
Explain the difference between correlational and causal.
- Correlation simply implies a statistical association, or relationship, between two variables
- Causation means that changes in one variable brings about changes in the other; there is a cause-and-effect relationship between variables
Why is it important to replicate a study?
other researchers can test the findings of the research
What are the DRIs? Who develops the DRIs? To whom do they apply? How are they used? In your
description, identify the four categories of DRI and indicate how they are related
-DRIs
○ Estimated average requirements (EARs)
○ Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
○ Adequate Intakes (AIs)
○ Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
○ Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)
○ Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
-the Institute of Medicine
-used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people
-4 categories:
~Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Recommended ~Dietary Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AI), and ~Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)
Describe what the EERs are and what the AMDRs are. List the percent ranges in the AMDRs.
• Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)
○ Average kcal intake to maintain weight
○ Based on age, gender, height, weight, and physical activity
• Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges ○ Adequate energy and nutrients ○ Reduce risk of chronic diseases ○ Ranges § 45-65% kcalories from CHOs § 20-35% from fat § 10-35% from protein
Explain four assessment methods that are used to detect energy and nutrient deficiencies and excesses. –
Explain the component of nutritional assessment
- nutrition assessment techniques (anthropometric measures, lab tests, physical findings, and diet history)
- a comprehensive analysis of a person’s nutrition status that uses health, socioeconomic, drug, and diet histories; anthropometric measurements; physical examinations; and laboratory test
Describe risk factors and their relationships to disease?
Factors that increase the risk of developing chronic diseases are called risk factors. A strong association between a risk factor and a disease means that when the factor is present, the likelihood of developing the disease increases
What background does a RDN have? What is the difference between and RDN and a
Nutritionist? Who would be ideal to listen to for nutrition advice – (which healthcare provider?)
- at least a bachelor’s degree at a US regionally accredited college or university, required course work, required hours of supervised practice, and a national RDN examination administered by the Commission on Dietetic Registration
- Compared with nutritionists, the main difference is that RDs tend to have more education and credentials
- registered dietician
How many grams of fat were consumed if a person received 405 kcalories (kcals) from fat in a day?
45kcal
How many kcals are in 13 grams of carbohydrate?
52
How many total kcals are in 10 grams of carbohydrate, 4 grams of protein, 6 grams of fat and 7 grams of
alcohol?
159
If a food product contains 10 grams of protein and another food item contains 10 grams of
carbohydrate, how many kcals are provided from each and which item is more fattening?
40kcal
-they are the same
A person consumes 100 grams of fat, 50 grams of CHO, 30 grams of protein, 20 milligrams of thiamin,
and 50 milligrams of calcium. How much energy did that person consume?
1220 kcals
adequacy
Providing all essential nutrients
balance
providing foods in proportion to one another and in proportion to the body’s needs
moderation
providing enough but not too much of a substance
variety
eating a wide selection of foods from the major food groups
Sustainable diets
diets with low environmental impacts
Serving sizes
the amount of food listed on a product’s Nutrition Facts label
Portion Sizes
how much of a food you are served or how much you ea
fortified
the addition to a food of nutrients that were either absent or present in insignificant amounts
enriched
the addition to a food of specific nutrients to compensate for losses that occur during processing so that the food will meet a specified standard
refined
the process by which the coarse parts of a food are removed
whole grain
a grain that maintains the same relative proportions of starchy endosperm, germ, and bran as the original (all but the husk); not refined
Daily Value (DV)
reference values developed by the FDA specifically for use on food labels
Good Source of
has 10 percent to 19 percent of the daily value
Excellent Source of
contains at least 20 percent of the daily value
Organic (for labeling purposes)
in agriculture, crops grown and processed according to USDA regulations defining the use of fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides , fungicides, preservatives, and other chemical ingredients
Fat free = < how many grams of fat? (Same goes
for trans-fat)
less than 0.5 gram of fat per serving
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
a person who eats vegetables, eggs, and dairy products but who does not eat meat
omnivorous
feeding on food of both plant and animal origin
vegan
a person who does not eat any food derived from animals and who typically does not use other animal products
Plant-based diet
a diet consisting mostly or entirely of plant-based foods
Name the diet-planning principles and briefly describe how each principle helps in diet planning.
Adequacy- Providing all essential nutrients.
Balance- Providing foods of a number of types in proportion to each other so that foods rich in some nutrients do not crowd out foods rich in other nutrients.
Kcalorie control- management of food energy intake.
Nutrient density- selecting foods with high nutrient value relative to food energy
Moderation- Providing enough but not too much of a dietary constituent.
Variety- using different foods on different occasions; variety helps ensure adequacy and balance.
What are some new recommendations that appear in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
- Do not include a low-carbohydrate eating pattern or recommend limiting consumption of carbohydrates. …
- Recommend water instead of milk. …
- Warn against consuming red and processed meat. …
- Continue to promote plant-based eating patterns
Name the 5 food groups in the USDA Food Guide and identify several foods typical of each group.
Explain how this Guide groups foods and how the Guide incorporates concepts of nutrient density and
kcal control.
- Fruits, Vegetables, Grains, Protein, and Dairy
- Groups food similar in origin & that make notable contributions of the same key nutrients
- Nutrient Density and kcalorie conrol are addressed in that the plan points out foods that are more & less nutrient dense, plan also gives specific recommended amounts for people with differ calorie needs. Additionally this plan specifies the amount that can be allotted for discretionary calorie allowance
Define the term discretionary kcal allowance
the kcalories remaining in a person’s energy allowance after consuming enough nutrient-dense foods to meet all nutrient needs for a day
What are the Daily Values? How can they help you meet health recommendations?
Daily Values are reference values developed by the FDA for use on food labels , they help people compare foods to their recommended intakes
A food item provides 400 mg of calcium and has 350 kcals. Calculate the nutrient density value.
1.14
One food item provides 10 mg of iron and 100 kcals. Another food item provides 15 mg of iron and 175
kcals. Calculate the nutrient density for both food items. Which is the better choice?
-.1 and .0857, so the first one is better
The serving size for a food item is ¾ cup. You have consumed 3 cups. How many servings did you eat?
4
The serving size for a food item is ¾ cup and each serving has 120 kcals. You have consumed 3 cups.
How many kcals did the food provide
480kcals
hazard
sources of danger; used to refer to circumstances in which harm is possible under normal conditions of use
risk
a measure of the probability and severity of harm
toxicity
the ability of a substance to harm living organisms
foodborne illness
an illness transmitted to human beings through food, caused by either an infectious agent (foodborne infection) or a poisonous substance (food intoxication); commonly known as food poisoning
outbreak
two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food
pathogen
microorganisms capable of causing disease
bioaccumulation
the accumulation of contaminants in the flesh of animals high on the food chain
pesticides
chemicals used to control insects and other organisms plants, vegetables, fruits, and animals
residues
whatever remains. In the case of pesticides, those amounts that remain on or in foods when people buy and use them
tolerance level
the maximum allowable amount of chemical residue, such as a pesticide , legally permitted in food
GRAS
food additives that have long been in use and are believed to be safe
carcinogen
a substance that can cause cancer
biotechnology
technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products
Genetic Engineering/GMO
the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism
rBGH or hormones in milk
synthetic (man-made) hormone that is marketed to dairy farmers to increase milk production in cows
What is the difference between foodborne infection and food intoxication?
Foodborne infection is caused by the ingestion of food containing live bacteria which grow and establish themselves in the human intestinal tract. Foodborne intoxication is caused by ingesting food containing toxins formed by bacteria which resulted from the bacterial growth in the food item
What is HACCP?
systematic plan to identify and correct potential microbial hazards in the manufacturing, distribution, and commercial use of food products
What are the 4 components of the Fight BAC campaign?
• Clean, separate, cook, chill
What is the temperature danger zone?
40-140 degrees f
List 3-5 foods that are common sources of food borne illnesses
raw eggs, unpasteurized milk and juice, soft cheeses, and raw or undercooked meat or seafood
List the common symptoms that develop with a food borne illness such as E. coli or Salmonella
diarrhea and/or vomiting, abdominal cramps, nausea, fever, joint/back aches, and fatigue.
Why is listeria a concern for pregnant women?
Pregnant women with a Listeria infection can pass the infection to their unborn babies. Listeria infection can cause miscarriages, stillbirths, and preterm labor
What does the organic seal on a food product indicate?
they contain at least 70% organically produced ingredients
What is the definition of natural? Are products that are natural always safe?
- the ingredient is coming from a natural source
- no
How can you reduce your risk of pesticide exposure from fruits and vegetables?
- Wash your fruits and veggies
- Peel and trim
- Eat a variety of foods
