Fat-soluble Vitamins Flashcards
Vitamin D functions
○ Regulates bone minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
○ Increases intestinal calcium absorption
Vitamin D amount
○ 600 IU for adults
○ Most research points to 1000-2000+ IU per day
vitamin D food sources
○ Fatty fish ○ Fish liver oils ○ Eggs ○ Fortified foods § Milk, yogurt, cereals, some juices
vitamin D deficiency
○ Rickets in children ○ Osteoporosis and osteomalacia in adults § Risk factors include □ Sunscreen use □ Living above 40 degree latitude □ Covering all exposed skin □ Darker skin color □ Fat malabsorption syndromes □ Age □ Obesity
vitamin D toxicity
○ Raises some blood calcium concentrations § Forms stones in some tissues § May harden blood vessels □ Can cause death ○ 10,000 IU/day on a chronic basis
vitamin D-other facts
• 2 different forms ○ Vitamin d2 (ergocaliferol) § Some supplements ○ Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) § Made from UV light (290-315 nm) § Supplements § Fortified foods • Made in the body ○ Can be made from cholesterol • 25(OH)D3-lab value of vitamin D storage • 1-25(OH)2D3-lab value of active vitamin D
vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) functions
- healthy epithelial cells
- vision
- growth and development
- antioxidant
- sperm development
vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) amount
○ Males: 700 mcg RAE
○ Females: 900 mcg RAE
vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) food sources
○ Fruit or vegetable with red, orange, yellow, or green pigments
§ Carrots, squash, sweet potatoes, red bell peppers, cantaloupe, mango, milk
vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) deficiency
○ Night blindness and blindness ○ Risk of infectious diseases ○ Measles, infection, diarrhea ○ Death ○ Keratinization § Change in size and shape of epithelial cells § Dry, rough, scaly skin
vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) toxicity
○ UL: 3000 mcg RAE
○ Birth defects-damage to fetus-CNS ACCUTANE
○ Bone issues-eats away at bone
○ Liver damage
○ Death
○ Carotenoids from foods are not toxic
§ Can cause carotenodermia, which results in orange skin
vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) -other facts
- First fat-soluble vitamin recognized
- Precursor: beta-carotene
- deficiency is world-wide
- Precursor: beta-carotene
Vitamin K functions
blood clotting and bone health
Vitamin K amount
○ Males: 120 mcg
○ Females: 90 mcg
Vitamin K food sources
§ Green vegetables □ Spinach, kale, cabbage § Green fruits □ Avocado, kiwi § Some vegetable oils-soybean
Vitamin K deficiency
○ Primary deficiency is rare ○ Secondary deficiency § Fat malabsorption § Drugs disrupt vitamin K's synthesis and action □ Antibiotics and anti-coagulants
Vitamin K toxicity
no toxicity
vitamin K-other facts
- Named for the Danish word Koagulation
- Vitamin K is a family of compounds called quinones
- Single dose of vitamin K given at birth to help with clotting
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) functions
• Functions ○ Antioxidant § stabilizes cell membranes ○ Protects lipids § LDLs and vitamin A ○ Prevents oxidation of PUFAs
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) amount
15 mg/day
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) food sources
○ Polyunsaturated plant oils § Margarine, salad dressings, shortenings ○ Leafy green vegetables § Spinach, broccoli, turnip greens ○ Wheat germ ○ Whole grains ○ Liver ○ Egg yolks ○ Nuts/seeds ○ Fatty meats
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) deficiency
○ Rare but can occur with fat malabsorption issues (cystic fibrosis)
○ Erythrocyte hemolysis
§ Red blood cells break open and leak contents
○ Hemolytic anemia
§ Too few red blood cells from erythrocyte hemolysis
□ Nerve damage
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) toxicity
○ UL is 65x the RDA
○ Extreme doses come from supplements
○ Interferes with blood-clotting action of vitamin K ○ Can enhance anti-clotting drugs
§ Hemorrhagic stroke
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)-other facts
• 2 subgroups
○ Tocopherols and tocotrienols
