Fat-soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamin D functions

Answer 1

○ Regulates bone minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

○ Increases intestinal calcium absorption

Question 2

Vitamin D amount

Answer 2

○ 600 IU for adults

○ Most research points to 1000-2000+ IU per day

Question 3

vitamin D food sources

Answer 3

○ Fatty fish
○ Fish liver oils
○ Eggs
○ Fortified foods
	§ Milk, yogurt, cereals, some juices

Question 4

vitamin D deficiency

Answer 4

○ Rickets in children
		○ Osteoporosis and osteomalacia in adults
			§ Risk factors include
				□ Sunscreen use
				□ Living above 40 degree latitude
				□ Covering all exposed skin
				□ Darker skin color
				□ Fat malabsorption syndromes
				□ Age
				□ Obesity

Question 5

vitamin D toxicity

Answer 5

○ Raises some blood calcium concentrations
			§ Forms stones in some tissues
			§ May harden blood vessels
				□ Can cause death
		○ 10,000 IU/day on a chronic basis

Question 6

vitamin D-other facts

Answer 6

• 2 different forms
		○ Vitamin d2 (ergocaliferol)
			§ Some supplements
		○ Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
			§ Made from UV light (290-315 nm)
			§ Supplements
			§ Fortified foods
	• Made in the body
		○ Can be made from cholesterol 
	• 25(OH)D3-lab value of vitamin D storage
	• 1-25(OH)2D3-lab value of active vitamin D

Question 7

vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) functions

Answer 7

• healthy epithelial cells
• vision
• growth and development
• antioxidant
• sperm development

Question 8

vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) amount

Answer 8

○ Males: 700 mcg RAE

○ Females: 900 mcg RAE

Question 9

vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) food sources

Answer 9

○ Fruit or vegetable with red, orange, yellow, or green pigments
§ Carrots, squash, sweet potatoes, red bell peppers, cantaloupe, mango, milk

Question 10

vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) deficiency

Answer 10

○ Night blindness and blindness
○ Risk of infectious diseases
○ Measles, infection, diarrhea
○ Death
○ Keratinization
	§ Change in size and shape of epithelial cells
	§ Dry, rough, scaly skin

Question 11

vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) toxicity

Answer 11

○ UL: 3000 mcg RAE
○ Birth defects-damage to fetus-CNS ACCUTANE
○ Bone issues-eats away at bone
○ Liver damage
○ Death
○ Carotenoids from foods are not toxic
§ Can cause carotenodermia, which results in orange skin

Question 12

vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoid acid) -other facts

Answer 12

• First fat-soluble vitamin recognized
  
  • Precursor: beta-carotene
    
    • deficiency is world-wide

Question 13

Vitamin K functions

Answer 13

blood clotting and bone health

Question 14

Vitamin K amount

Answer 14

○ Males: 120 mcg

○ Females: 90 mcg

Question 15

Vitamin K food sources

Answer 15

§ Green vegetables
				□ Spinach, kale, cabbage
			§ Green fruits
				□ Avocado, kiwi
			§ Some vegetable oils-soybean

Question 16

Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 16

○ Primary deficiency is rare
	○ Secondary deficiency
		§ Fat malabsorption
		§ Drugs disrupt vitamin K's synthesis and action
			□ Antibiotics and anti-coagulants

Question 17

Vitamin K toxicity

Answer 17

no toxicity

Question 18

vitamin K-other facts

Answer 18

• Named for the Danish word Koagulation
  
  • Vitamin K is a family of compounds called quinones
  • Single dose of vitamin K given at birth to help with clotting

Question 19

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) functions

Answer 19

• Functions
		○ Antioxidant 
			§ stabilizes cell membranes
		○ Protects lipids
			§ LDLs and vitamin A
		○ Prevents oxidation of PUFAs

Question 20

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) amount

Answer 20

15 mg/day

Question 21

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) food sources

Answer 21

○ Polyunsaturated plant oils
			§ Margarine, salad dressings, shortenings
		○ Leafy green vegetables
			§ Spinach, broccoli, turnip greens
		○ Wheat germ
		○ Whole grains
		○ Liver 
		○ Egg yolks
		○ Nuts/seeds
		○ Fatty meats

Question 22

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) deficiency

Answer 22

○ Rare but can occur with fat malabsorption issues (cystic fibrosis)
○ Erythrocyte hemolysis
§ Red blood cells break open and leak contents
○ Hemolytic anemia
§ Too few red blood cells from erythrocyte hemolysis
□ Nerve damage

Question 23

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) toxicity

Answer 23

○ UL is 65x the RDA
○ Extreme doses come from supplements
○ Interferes with blood-clotting action of vitamin K ○ Can enhance anti-clotting drugs
§ Hemorrhagic stroke

Question 24

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)-other facts

Answer 24

• 2 subgroups

○ Tocopherols and tocotrienols