Exam 2 Flashcards
Imagine that an adult consumes 500 excess kcalories each day for two weeks. About how much weight would that person gain?
2 lbs
Which part of the brain is the primary center for appetite control?
hypothalamus
You have just consumed a very large Thanksgiving meal, but still want a slice of pumpkin pie for dessert. What term best describes this state?
appetite
The thermic effect of food accounts for ________ of the average person’s energy expenditure each day.
10%
Which of the following has the most significant influence on the body’s metabolic rate?
Amount of lean body tissue
Which term reflects the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person’s total body weight?
body composition
Which of the following would not be considered a valid recommendation for accepting a healthy body weight?
Seek the advice of friends and the fashion industry for criteria regarding appearance and body size.
Which of the following represents the BMI of a person classified as overweight?
27
Which statement accurately describes fat distribution?
Body fat around the hips and thighs is most common in women during their reproductive years.
A person’s ________ is a good indicator of central obesity.
waist circumference
If a person strength trains 4-5 times a week and weighs 200 lbs, approximately how much protein in grams should they consume per day?
200/2.2=90.91kg
90.91x1.5=136g/day
if a person weights 175 lbs, how many grams of protein should they eat?
175/2.2=79.55
.08gx79.55=63.6g
when should we recommend weight loss to overweight and obese individuals?
if they are willing and want to make a change, if it’s impacting their quality of life, or if their lab levels are abnormal
glycolysis
glucose to pyruvate
all ATP is made in the
electron transport chain
glucose cannot be made from
acetyl CoA
steps in glycolysis
glucose to pyruvate
enzyme involved in ethanol metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenase
alcohol dehydrogenase is found in the
stomach and liver
proteins are made in the
ribosomes
deamination
- remove the amine group which makes ammonia and a keto acid
- ammonia combines with CO2 and turns into urea in the liver and is excreted
transamination
transfers amino groups from an amino acid to a keto acid (swaps amine groups)
protein roles
fluid balance, makes antibodies, repair for tissues, collagen, makes up ligaments and tendons, makes enzymes, makes hormones, acts as a buffer for acid-base balance, transportation
example of a quaternary structure that is important for health
hemoglobin
food sources of complete protein
eggs, animal products, tofu, soy
lbs to kg
divide by 2.2
in to cm
multiply by 2.54
BMI equation
(weight lbs. / height in. / height in.) x 703
3500kcal=
1 lb
how adipose sites change
change in the number of fat cells, then the size of fat cells
What can make glucose, what can’t?
- carbs, fat, protein
- acetyl coa and fatty acids can’t make glucose
what can be converted to acetyl coa?
can be produced from pyruvate, glucose, fatty acids, some amino acids
how many times around
does a glucose molecule go around the TCA/Krebs cycle
2
how many ATPs are produced and where are
they actually created in the TCA cycle?
- 2 ATP/1 glucose
- mitochondria
What are waste products of the TCA/Krebs cycle and ETC?
CO2 and water
What starts the TCA
cycle (and therefore, what should we eat to produce energy)?
- transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate to form citrate
- carbs
What organs absorb and break down alcohol?
liver, stomach, small intestine
enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
Moderation of alcohol intake for males and females – why are there differences?
- 1 drink for females, 2 for males
- females make less alcohol dehydrogenase
Liver disease stages
○ 1st=fatty liver seen in heavy drinkers, interferes with nutrients and O2
-Reversible
○ 2nd stage=fibrosis (alcoholic hepatitis)
-Some liver cells can regenerate
-Nutritional help and stop drinking
○ 3rd and final stage=cirrhosis
-Damage is almost irreversible
Nutrients of interest in chronic alcoholism and related diseases
b vitamins and thiamin deficiency
How much ethanol is in a standard drink?
.5 oz. of pure ethanol
What is the rate at which ethanol is metabolized?
0.015 g/100mL/hour
What is the MEOS system?
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system; a system of enzymes in the liver that oxidize not only alcohol, but several classes of drugs
Describe the metabolism of alcohol (ethanol)
- alcohol dehydrogenase turns alcohol into acetaldehyde
- acetaldehyde dehydrogenase turns acetaldehyde into acetate
- acetate is turned into acetyl CoA
- When excess acetyl CoA is produced that cannot be processed through the Krebs cycle, the acetyl CoA is converted into triglycerides and fatty acids to be stored in the liver and adipose tissue
What is denaturing of a protein and what (at least 3 examples) will denature a protein?
the alteration of a protein’s shape due to heat, acid, or force
Describe transcription and translation – understand where each step of protein synthesis occurs and
what happens
- Transcription
○ mRNA carries code to ribosome
-takes place in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in nucleus in eukaryotes - Translation
○ mRNA specifies sequence of amino acids - tRNA
-ribosome
Describe protein deamination
-Removal of the amino group from a compound
○ Remove the amine group, creates ammonia, gives off water and co2, makes urea
Protein recommendations calculations for sedentary individuals and active individuals
- sedentary: .8g/kg
- active: 1.2-1.5 g/kg body weight
Nutrients of concern in vegetarian and especially vegan diets
Calcium, vitamin D, protein, iron, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin B-12
Essential amino acids versus non-essential amino acids. How many are there of each? Why do we
need to eat essential amino acids? How can non-essential amino acids be made in the body?
• 9 essential amino acids
○ Must be obtained from foods
o vital for functions throughout your body, including protein synthesis, tissue repair, and nutrient absorption
• Remaining 11 are nonessential amino acids
○ Synthesized in the body
o synthesized from intermediates in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the pentose phosphate pathway
How do we determine kcals in food?
4 Kcal/g for protein, 4 Kcal/g for carbohydrate, 9 Kcal/g for fat and 7 Kcal/g for alcohol that were determined by burning these substances in a calorimeter
Hunger versus Appetite
• Appetite-psychological prompt
○ Desire to consume specific foods that is independent of hunger
• Hunger-physiological response to lack of food triggered by nerve signals and hormones
Satiation/satiety – what dietary pattern helps with satiety? What nutrient is the most satiating?
• Satiation vs satiety ○ During a meal vs in-between meals • Sustaining satiety ○ Protein ○ Low-energy density (low calorie) ○ High-nutrient density ○ More fruits and veggies ○ High fiber
What BMR is and what influences BMR
• Basal metabolic rate: the rate at which the body expends energy for life-sustaining activities • Factors that affect BMR ○ Higher lean body mass ○ Greater height and weight ○ Pregnancy ○ Lactation ○ Growth ○ Low-calorie diet (lower BMR) ○ Fever ○ Exercise ○ Stimulant drugs such as caffeine and tobacco
Thermic effect of food – what it is and be able to calculate
• Energy required to process food
○ 10% of energy intake
BMI-how to calculate, what is BMI? Ranges , issues with BMI
• Body mass index
○ Calculation of weight in relation to height
- Kg/m^2 OR (pounds/inches/inches x 703)
• Ranges
○ Underweight (moderate risk) - <18.5
○ Healthy weight (low-risk)- <18.5-24.9
○ Overweight (low-moderate risk)- <25-29.9
○ Obese (moderate to high risk)- > or =30
• Issues with BMI
○ May not be accurate for everyone
-Athletes
-Older adults
-Ratio of height and weight
Disease risk-types of obesity and measurements we can do to determine disease risk
- Fatty liver
- Gallbladder disease and gallstones
- Respiratory problems
- Psychiatric and psychosocial problems
-measurements ○ Cholesterol-lipoproteins ○ Blood glucose ○ Blood pressure ○ Deficiencies ○ Body fat ○ Waist circumference ○ Diet
Theoretical weight loss/gain calculations
1kg=3500kcal
Fat cells (adipocytes) – what impacts them – describe what happens to them in the body when a person gains or loses weight
• Rate of fat breakdown is lower in women vs men
-During weight loss, energy stores are mobilized from adipocytes and adipocytes become smaller. During weight gain and weight regain, energy is accumulated and adipocytes become larger
Leptin and Ghrelin -where are they secreted, what do they do in the body. Understand what happens
if a person loses or gains weight and then what happens with the hormones
○ Ghrelin-stimulates appetite
-secreted by a highly specialized population of cells in stomach epithelium
○ Leptin-suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure
§ Higher in obese individuals, but their bodies are resistant to it
-secreted mainly by white adipose tissue
What is LPL and what does it do in the body?
- Lipoprotein lipase
- hydrolyzes circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons
Safe weight loss recommendations/Goals that are achievable for weight loss
• Go slow: 0.5-2lbs./week
○ Depends on starting weight
○ 5-10% of someone’s body weight in 6 months
• Don’t go below 1200kcals
○ Hard to get all nutrients if eating <1200kcals
• Increase physical activity and eat a little less
• Increase fruits and veggies
• Don’t restrict
• Eat real food (not shakes, supplements, etc.)
