Metabolism

Question 0

Kinds of metabolic pathway

Answer 0

Anabolic

Catabolic

Amphibolic

Question 1

Sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell, tissue or the whole body

Can either be catabolic or anabolic

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

Synthesis of compounds from smaller raw materials

Endergonic and divergent process

Examples: protein and triglyceride synthesis, glycogenesis

Answer 2

Anabolic

Question 3

Breakdown of larger molecules

Usually oxidative reactions

Exergonic and convergent process

Produces reducing equivalents and ATP –> mainly via the respiratory chain

Examples: glycolysis, beta-oxidation, glycogenolysis

Answer 3

Catabolic

Question 4

Crossroads of metabolism, the link between anabolic and catabolic pathways

Examples: citric acid (Krebs) cycle

Answer 4

Amphibolic

Question 5

Regulators of metabolism

Answer 5

Signals from within the cell

Communication between cells

Second messenger systems

Question 6

Signals from within the cell

Answer 6

Substrate availability

Product inhibition

Allosteric activators/inhibitors

Question 7

Communication between cells

Answer 7

Direct contact — gap junctions

Synaptic signaling – neurotransmitters

Endocrine signaling – hormones

Question 8

Second messenger systems

Answer 8

Calcium/inositol triphosphate (ITP)

Adenylyl cyclase system (cAMP)

Guanylate cyclase system (cGMP)

Question 9

Membrane bound enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP or cAMP

In response to hormones (eg glucagon and epinephrine)

cAMP hydrolyzed to 5’ -AMP by cAMP phosphodiesterase

Answer 9

Adenylyl cyclase system