Metabolism 3: Metabolic Pathways and ATP production I Flashcards
What are the three stages of metabolism
Digestion - enzymes break down large molecules into smaller molecules in the intestines.
Cellular Metabolism 1 - Oxidation of small molecules within the cytosol generating ATP and NADH.
Cellular Metabolism 2 - Oxidation of small molecules generated in Cellular Metabolism 1 within mitochondria of cells. Generates ATP and waste products.
Describe the process of glycolysis
Glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate-> fructose-6-phosphate-> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate-> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) -> (2xNADH is produced) + 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate-> 3-phosphoglycerate -> 2-phosphoglycerate -> phosphoenolpyruvate -> Pyruvate
How many ATP is used and made in glycolysis
2 used 4 made =2 net
What is substrate level Phosphorylation
The production of ATP by the direct transfer of a high energy phosphate group from an intermediate substrate in a biochemical pathway to ADP, such as occurs in glycolysis.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The production of ATP using energy derived from the transfer of electrons in an electron transport system.
Describe the alcohol fermentation of pyruvate
Done by yeast under anaerobic conditions
Pyruvate-> acetaldehyde-> ethanol
enzymes are pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase
CO2 and NAD+ are formed
2 H+ needed
Describe the generation of lactate
This is also anaerobic and occurs regularly in mammalian muscle during periods of intense exercise.
pyruvate->lactate
enzyme= lactate dehydrogenase
reversible
NAD+ formed
What can high levels of Lactate dehydrogenase indicate
Stroke
Heart Attack
Liver Disease
Muscle Injury
Muscular Dystrophy
Pulmonary Infarction
What is creatine phosphate
CREATINE PHOSPHATE is a large reservoir of phosphate which can be used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.
enzyme is creatine kinase
What does creatine in the blood show
When muscle is damaged, creatine phosphate LEAKS into the bloodstream.
Elevated levels of Creatine Phosphate can be used to:
Diagnose myocardial infarction
Determine the extent of muscular disease
Evaluate cause of chest pain
Help discover carriers of muscular dystrophy
Describe generation of Acetyl CoA
This occurs in the mitochondria.
pyruvate+CoA+NAD+ -> Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH
Enzyme is pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Describe the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex consist of:
3 Enzymes:
Lipoamide reductase-transacetylase
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
Pyruvate decarboxylase
5 Co-factors Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) Lipoamide FAD CoA NAD+
