Metabolism 3 Flashcards
What is the preferred fuel for the heart?
Ketone bodies
Glutamine is the preferred fuel source for what?
Immune Cell
Intestines
What is the only fuel source for spermatozoa?
Fructose
What does glucose get converted into?
Mostly glycolysis
Some glycogen and Triglycerides
What does amino acids get converted into?
Proteins
or Carbon skeleton
What does insulin cause in the liver?
Increases glycogenesis
glycolysis
Decreases gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
How does insulin affect enzymes in the liver?
Increase glycogen synthase, Pyruvate kinase
Decrease phosphorylase, F16bisphosphate
How does insulin affect the adipose tissue?
Decreases lipolysis
Increases acetyl Co to FA
What converts Acetyl CoA to FA and vice versa.
Acetyl CoA-> FA = FA synthesis
FA-> Acetyl CoA= Beta oxidation
What converts FA to TG and vice versa?
FA-> TG= lipgenesis
TG->FA lipoysis
What converts Pyruvate to glucose and vice versa?
Pyruavte-> Glucose= gluconeogensis
Glucose-> Pyruvate= glycolysis
What converts glucose to glycogen and vice versa?
Glucose-> Glucogen = Glycogenesis
Glucogen to glucose= glycogenolysis
In an anabolic state how does insulin affect fat stores?
Insulin turns glucose into fat and blocks fat breakdown
Describe how ethanol is broken down in the body
Alcohol dehydrogenase converts Ethanol to Acetaldehyde ( and NAD+ to NADH)
Then aldehyde dehydrogenase produces Acetate ( and NAD+ + H2O to NADH)
The Acetyl-CoA Synthetase makes Acetyl Co-A ( and CO-A-SH + GTP to PPi + GMP)
Is ethanol metabolism controlled by negative feedback?
no
How does Adrenaline affect glucose in the muscles?
Adrenaline decreases Glycogen Synthase, and glycogenesis.
Increases phosphorylase, glycogenolysis and glycolysis
How does Adrenaline affect Triglycerides in the muscle
Increases Lipoprotein lipase and hence FA intake
How does Adrenaline affect Triglycerides in the adipose tissue?
Increased HS lipase and lipolysis
How does adrenaline affect glucose in the liver?
Decreased glycogen synthase, Glycolysis and glycogenesis
Increase phosphorylase, F-1,6-Bisphosphatase, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
How does adrenaline affect FA in the liver?
Decrease Acetyl CiA carboxylase and FA synthesis
During starvation what are the second metabolic priorities?
Preserve functional protein
Decrease glucose requirements
During starvation what is the preferred substrate for the brain?
Ketone bodies
During starvation what is the substrate exported from the liver?
ketone Bodies
When exercising what is the difference between the sources of energy in short time vs long term exercise
Short term- ATP, Creatine phosphate, glucose
Long term- FA, Glycogen
How are ATP replenished during short intense excercise?
ADP+ADP-> ATP +AMP (Adenylate kinase)
ADP-Creatine P-> ATP+ creatine ( creatine kinase)
How makes the super mouse super?
Overexpression of PEP-carboxykinase
Causing low lactate production
Increased FA use
Increased TG in muscles
More mitochondria
What is thermogenesis?
Production of heat
How does the body generate heat?
Shivering
Uncouple respirationeg thermogenin, Fatty acyl aa
What is the modification to Brown Adipose tissue?
Generate heat by wasting energy in stored fats.
More mito, Activation of UCP1/ thermogenin
uncoupling of ETC and ATP synthesis
Adipose tissue transplants can cure what disease?
Diabetes
How does DNP +ADP cause thermogenesis?
Energy not captured at ATP so is lost as heat
ETC sped up
