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A BIOL1024 Part 2 > Metabolism 3 > Flashcards

Metabolism 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the preferred fuel for the heart?

A

Ketone bodies

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2
Q

Glutamine is the preferred fuel source for what?

A

Immune Cell

Intestines

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3
Q

What is the only fuel source for spermatozoa?

A

Fructose

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4
Q

What does glucose get converted into?

A

Mostly glycolysis

Some glycogen and Triglycerides

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5
Q

What does amino acids get converted into?

A

Proteins

or Carbon skeleton

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6
Q

What does insulin cause in the liver?

A

Increases glycogenesis
glycolysis
Decreases gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

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7
Q

How does insulin affect enzymes in the liver?

A

Increase glycogen synthase, Pyruvate kinase

Decrease phosphorylase, F16bisphosphate

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8
Q

How does insulin affect the adipose tissue?

A

Decreases lipolysis

Increases acetyl Co to FA

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9
Q

What converts Acetyl CoA to FA and vice versa.

A

Acetyl CoA-> FA = FA synthesis

FA-> Acetyl CoA= Beta oxidation

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10
Q

What converts FA to TG and vice versa?

A

FA-> TG= lipgenesis

TG->FA lipoysis

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11
Q

What converts Pyruvate to glucose and vice versa?

A

Pyruavte-> Glucose= gluconeogensis

Glucose-> Pyruvate= glycolysis

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12
Q

What converts glucose to glycogen and vice versa?

A

Glucose-> Glucogen = Glycogenesis

Glucogen to glucose= glycogenolysis

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13
Q

In an anabolic state how does insulin affect fat stores?

A

Insulin turns glucose into fat and blocks fat breakdown

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14
Q

Describe how ethanol is broken down in the body

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase converts Ethanol to Acetaldehyde ( and NAD+ to NADH)

Then aldehyde dehydrogenase produces Acetate ( and NAD+ + H2O to NADH)

The Acetyl-CoA Synthetase makes Acetyl Co-A ( and CO-A-SH + GTP to PPi + GMP)

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15
Q

Is ethanol metabolism controlled by negative feedback?

A

no

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16
Q

How does Adrenaline affect glucose in the muscles?

A

Adrenaline decreases Glycogen Synthase, and glycogenesis.

Increases phosphorylase, glycogenolysis and glycolysis

17
Q

How does Adrenaline affect Triglycerides in the muscle

A

Increases Lipoprotein lipase and hence FA intake

18
Q

How does Adrenaline affect Triglycerides in the adipose tissue?

A

Increased HS lipase and lipolysis

19
Q

How does adrenaline affect glucose in the liver?

A

Decreased glycogen synthase, Glycolysis and glycogenesis

Increase phosphorylase, F-1,6-Bisphosphatase, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

20
Q

How does adrenaline affect FA in the liver?

A

Decrease Acetyl CiA carboxylase and FA synthesis

21
Q

During starvation what are the second metabolic priorities?

A

Preserve functional protein

Decrease glucose requirements

22
Q

During starvation what is the preferred substrate for the brain?

A

Ketone bodies

23
Q

During starvation what is the substrate exported from the liver?

A

ketone Bodies

24
Q

When exercising what is the difference between the sources of energy in short time vs long term exercise

A

Short term- ATP, Creatine phosphate, glucose

Long term- FA, Glycogen

25
Q

How are ATP replenished during short intense excercise?

A

ADP+ADP-> ATP +AMP (Adenylate kinase)

ADP-Creatine P-> ATP+ creatine ( creatine kinase)

26
Q

How makes the super mouse super?

A

Overexpression of PEP-carboxykinase

Causing low lactate production
Increased FA use
Increased TG in muscles
More mitochondria

27
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

Production of heat

28
Q

How does the body generate heat?

A

Shivering

Uncouple respirationeg thermogenin, Fatty acyl aa

29
Q

What is the modification to Brown Adipose tissue?

A

Generate heat by wasting energy in stored fats.
More mito, Activation of UCP1/ thermogenin
uncoupling of ETC and ATP synthesis

30
Q

Adipose tissue transplants can cure what disease?

A

Diabetes

31
Q

How does DNP +ADP cause thermogenesis?

A

Energy not captured at ATP so is lost as heat

ETC sped up

A BIOL1024 Part 2 (18 decks)

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