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BISC 101 Mid1 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

Lecture 6

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1
Q

An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy how?

A

via metabolic pathways

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2
Q

Free energy change means what?

A

between reactants and products tells us which reactions occur spontaneously and which require input of energy

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3
Q

How does ATP work

A

powers cellular work by coupling energy-producing and energy-requiring reactions

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4
Q

exergonic meaning

A

spontaneous

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5
Q

endergonic meaning

A

not spontaneous

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6
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

not necessarily fast; enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers

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7
Q

how is enzyme function affected

A

by local conditions (temp, pH) and other chemical regulators (activators, inhibitors)

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8
Q

Metabolism meaning

A

sum of an organism’s chemical reactions

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9
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules

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10
Q

example of catabolic pathway

A

oxidation of glucose during cell respiration

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11
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

use energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

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12
Q

example of anabolic pathway

A

synthesis of sugars during photosynthesis, or polymers from monomers

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13
Q

where is chemical energy stored

A

in the position of electrons

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14
Q

electrons in the outer shell have…

A

more potential energy than electrons in inner shells

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15
Q

how can electrons transfer in chemical reactions?

A

transferred between atoms and can move to a lower energy state

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16
Q

what happens when electrons move to a lower energy state?

A

energy is released as electrons fall down this energy gradient from high to low energy state

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17
Q

lots of potential energy

A

have an abundance of hill top electrons in a high energy state

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18
Q

what happens with electron movement

A

potential energy (and/or entropy) may change during chemical reactions due to electron movement

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19
Q

Reaction of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

A
  • electrons are held more tightly in the products than the reactants
  • product has lower potential energy than the reactants
  • reaction is spontaneous
  • doesn’t require energy but releases energy
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20
Q

making more complex structures

A

does not occur spontaneously and requires input of energy

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21
Q

higher entropy and less ordered reactions

A

are spontaneous, energetically favourable, process

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22
Q

exergonic reactions energy

A

release energy for cellular work (- amount of kJ/mol)

23
Q

endergonic reactions energy

A

absorb energy (+ amount of kJ/mol)

24
Q

Cell work that requires energy

A
  • cilia and flagella movement
  • active membrane transport
  • synthesis of polymers/complex molecules
25
Q

ATP stands for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

26
Q

ATP consists of

A

Three phosphate groups, a ribose sugar, and adenine

27
Q

high potential energy in ATP is from

A

4 negative charges in P groups repel each other

28
Q

Hydrolysis means

A

breaking of bonds between phosphates by addition of water.

29
Q

what does hydrolysis release

A

inorganic phosphate and energy

30
Q

phosphorylation meaning

A

the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule

31
Q

what can phosphorylation do?

A

change the shape or confirmation of molecules to make things work within cells

32
Q

how does ATP power cellular work

A

by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

33
Q

The ATP cycle meaning

A

catabolic processes continuously provide energy to regenerate ATP by phosphorylation

34
Q

what do reactions require? and how does it happen?

A

breaking of chemical bonds and formation of bonds. molecules must pass through less stable transition state

35
Q

transition state involves?

A

an initial increase in free energy

36
Q

why is energy required in reactions?

A

to contort reactant molecules so old bonds break and new bonds can form

37
Q

increase in free energy =

A

activation energy

38
Q

enzymes function

A

catalysts that lower the activation energy barrier and increase rate of reaction

39
Q

4 ways enzymes lower activation energy

A

1) bring reactants together in specific orientations in the active site
2) stabilize the transition state by interactions with AA side-chains
3) provides micro-environment more conducive to reaction
4) R-groups in active site can participate directly in reaction

40
Q

enzymes characteristic

A

not rigid or static, they are flexible and dynamic

41
Q

induced fit model

A

substrate binding changes the shape of the enzyme. Results in tighter substrate binding facilitating chemical reactions

42
Q

initiation of enzyme action

A

reactants bind to active site in specific orientation, forming enzyme-substrate complex

43
Q

transition-state facilitation enzyme action

A

enzyme-substrate interaction lowers activation energy required for reaction

44
Q

termination of enzyme action

A

products have lower affinity for the active site and are released. enzyme is unchanged after reaction

45
Q

enzymes don’t work alone…

A

they require cofactors (metal ions) or small organic molecules, coenzymes

46
Q

most enzymes are regulated…

A

regulatory molecules can either activate or inactivate enzymes

47
Q

regulation by competitive inhibition

A

a molecule similar in size/shape to a substrate binds at the active site. Competition with the substrate for the active site reduces reaction rates

48
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

regulatory molecules bind away from the active site. Binding changes the shape of the enzyme and the active site

49
Q

activation of allosteric regulation

A

make the active site more accessible to substrates

50
Q

inhibition of allosteric regulation

A

less accessible to substrates

51
Q

rate of catalysis - low substrate concentration

A

reaction rates increase in linear fashion

52
Q

rate of catalysis - intermediate substrate concentration

A

the increase begins to slow

53
Q

rate of catalysis - high substrate concentration

A

reaction rates plateau at a maximum speed (saturation kinetics)

54
Q

when the enzymes become saturated

A

at some point active sites on the enzyme cannot accept substrates any faster no matter how large the substrate concentration is

BISC 101 Mid1 (7 decks)

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