Cells Structure and Function

Question 1

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have

Answer 1

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, ribosomes
+ cytoskeleton (maybe membrane-bound organelles)

Question 2

Cytoskeleton

Answer 2

network of fibres - organizes internal structure and activities in cell

Question 3

gap/tight junctions

Answer 3

connections between cells that coordinate cell activities

Question 4

Prokaryote

Answer 4

single, circular chromosome in non-membrane bound nucleoid. Have 1-100 small plasmids and a tough fibrous cell wall

Question 5

chromosome location

Answer 5

nucleus

Question 6

why such complex compartmentalization

Answer 6

attachment of membrane-bound proteins
imcompatible reactions can be separated
chemical processes more efficient
active transport of organelles more rapid

Question 7

nucleus structure

Answer 7

envelope openings called nuclear pores. Contains chromosomes, nucleolus, and nuclear lamina

Question 8

nucleus function

Answer 8

information storage and transmission. Ribosome subunit assembly. Structural support

Question 9

ribosomes components

Answer 9

complex of RNA and proteins

Question 10

ribosomes function

Answer 10

protein synthesis

Question 11

rough ER structure

Answer 11

network of branching sacs with ribosomes attached. Contains receptors for entry of selected proteins

Question 12

rough ER function

Answer 12

protein synthesis and processing

Question 13

smooth ER structure

Answer 13

contains enzymes for synthesizing phospholipids. Network of branching sacs. Enzymes break down lipids

Question 14

smooth ER function

Answer 14

lipid synthesis and processing

Question 15

Golgi Body structure

Answer 15

contains receptors for products of rough ER. Stack of flattened, distinct cisternae

Question 16

Golgi Body function

Answer 16

protein, lipid, and carbohydrate processing

Question 17

lysosomes structure

Answer 17

contains proton pumps. Acid hydrolases

Question 18

lysosomes function

Answer 18

digestion and recycling

Question 19

vacuoles structure

Answer 19

contains transporters for selected molecules

Question 20

vacuoles function

Answer 20

storage, digestion, and recycling

Question 21

peroxisomes function

Answer 21

oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, or other compounds

Question 22

peroxisomes structure

Answer 22

contains transporters for selected macromolecules. Enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions

Question 23

Mitochondria function

Answer 23

ATP production

Question 23

Mitochondria structure

Answer 23

inner membrane contains enzymes for ATP production. Enzymes that harvest energy from molecules to make ATP

Question 24

chloroplasts function

Answer 24

production of sugars via photosynthesis

Question 24

chloroplasts structure

Answer 24

membrane-bound sacs in interior. Enzymes that use light energy to make sugars

Question 25

cytoskeleton structure

Answer 25

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Question 26

cytoskeleton function

Answer 26

structural support; movement of materials; in some species, movement of whole cell

Question 27

plasma membrane structure

Answer 27

phospholipid bilayer with transport and receptor proteins

Question 28

plasma membrane function

Answer 28

selectively permeability maintains intracellular environment

Question 29

cell wall structure

Answer 29

carbohydrate fibres running through carbohydrate or protein matrix

Question 30

cell wall function

Answer 30

protection and structural support

Question 31

chromatin

Answer 31

complex of DNA and proteins

Question 32

nucleolus

Answer 32

site of manufacture of rRNA and assembly of large and small ribosomal sub-units

Question 33

nuclear envelope

Answer 33

two lipid bilayers supported by a lattice-like sheet called the nuclear lamina

Question 34

organelles with a double membrane

Answer 34

nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

Question 35

nuclear pores function

Answer 35

regulate entry and exit of stuff. Example, mRNA moves out, building blocks of DNA, rRNA and enzymes that work inside the nucleus move in

Question 36

endomembrane system function

Answer 36

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions

Question 37

free ribosomes function

Answer 37

make proteins that function in the cell

Question 38

ER-attached ribosomes function

Answer 38

make proteins for export in membrane bound vesicles (secretion)

Question 39

different membrane of the mitochondria

Answer 39

outer membrane is smooth inner membrane is folded into cristae to increase surface area

Question 40

cytoskeleton provides what

Answer 40

provides tracks for motor proteins to carry transport vesicles around the cell

Question 41

Cell motility

Answer 41

organization of microtubules in a eukaryotic cell with kinesin and dynein motor proteins

Question 42

cilia and flagella movement

Answer 42

utilise microtubules and a motor protein (dynein) to move the whole cell

Question 43

9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules for cilia and flagella

Answer 43

9 microtubule pairs (doublets) + 2 central microtubules

Question 44

what are the microtubules anchored by?

Answer 44

the basal body and are connected by spokes or links. Rather than sliding they bend

Question 45

what provides the force required for movement of cilia and flagella

Answer 45

1) doublet microtubules are connected by dynein 2) beating requires ATP 3) ATP changes the shape of dynein allowing it to walk along the adjacent microtubule Causes the adjacent microtubules to slide past each other

Question 46

multi-cellularity requires?

Answer 46

connections between cells

Question 47

desmosomes

Answer 47

function like rivets binding adjacent cytoskeletons

Question 48

tight junctions

Answer 48

form watertight seals in cells that form barriers

Question 49

gap junctions

Answer 49

provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another