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BISC 101 Mid1 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

cell division

A

new cells arise from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

cell cycle

A

cell growth and division of the nucleus and genetic material (mitosis), cytoplasm and organelles (cytokinesis)

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3
Q

mitosis

A

genetic material is copied and divided equally so daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell

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4
Q

meiosis

A

results in daughter cells (eggs and sperm) that are genetically different with half the amount of genetic material as the parent cells

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5
Q

Mitotic phase

A

dividing phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

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6
Q

interphase phase

A

non-dividing phase
G1 - first gap phase
S - synthesis phase
G2 - second gap phase

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7
Q

what phase does DNA replication occur

A

S-phase where chromosomes are copied

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8
Q

DNA replication

A

making a copy of DNA, use DNA as a template and using DNA nucleotides

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9
Q

Transcription

A

making an mRNA copy of a DNA template, using RNA nucleotides

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10
Q

Translation

A

making a protein, using an mRNA template and amino acids

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11
Q

cell division involves…

A

copying DNA
separating DNA copies
dividing cytoplasm and all organelles and endomembrane system

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12
Q

what is a chromosome

A

consists of a single, long DNA molecule wrapped around histone proteins

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13
Q

DNA + proteins = ?

A

chromatin

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14
Q

what folds DNA molecules

A

proteins help

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15
Q

chromosomes carry?

A

several hundred to a few thousand genes

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16
Q

Genome

A

the cell’s total amount of DNA

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17
Q

Unreplicated chromosome

A

consists of a single, long DNA double helix wrapped around proteins

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18
Q

replicated chromosome

A

consists of two copies of the same chromosome

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19
Q

condensed replicated chromosome

A

consists of DNA condensed around its associated proteins, resulting in a compact chromosome that is 10,000x shorter than its original length

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20
Q

what are sister chromatids held together by

A

they are held together at the centromere by cohesin proteins

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21
Q

how does the cell move sister chromatids to the poles (opposite ends) during mitosis

A

the mitotic spindle

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22
Q

spindle structure

A

a microtubule structure with associated motor proteins that begins to assemble in prophase

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23
Q

kinetochore microtubules do what?

A

capture and move sister chromatids by binding to kinetochore

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24
Q

what forms spindle structure

A

other polar microtubules and shorter astral microtubules

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25
Q

G2 interphase

A

nuclear envelope intact; chromosomes duplicated not condensed (long and thin); centrosome has duplicated

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26
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense, centrosomes move away from each other, mitotic spindle starts to form

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27
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope disintegrates, kinetochore microtubules contact chromosomes at kinetochore

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28
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes complete migration to middle of cell

29
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate; chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell as kinetochore microtubules shorten

30
Q

telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms; spindle disintegrates

31
Q

cytokinesis

A

separation of cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells. occurs by a process called cleavage

32
Q

mitotic spindle is made of…

A

microtubules

33
Q

microtubules are…

A

polymers composed of alpha and beta tubulin sub-units

34
Q

the kinetochore and ring structures do what?

A

tether the chromosome to the microtubule

35
Q

where and when do microtubules disassemble

A

at the kinetochore during anaphase due to the loss of tubulin sub-units

36
Q

as the microtubule shortens…

A

the chromosome is pulled towards the poles of the dividing cells

37
Q

what forms on the cell surface

A

cleavage furrow

38
Q

what is the cleavage furrow forming caused by?

A

a contractile ring of actin microfilaments which interact with myosin molecules to contract ring

39
Q

checkpoints of the cell cycle have what?

A

molecular signals that report whether critical cellular processes that should have occurred by that point have been completed correctly

40
Q

what do checkpoints look for?

A

cell size sufficient
DNA undamaged
DNA replicated OK
social signals present
molecular signals (MPF) present

41
Q

M-phase checkpoint looks for?

A

chromosomes have attached to spindle apparatus
chromosomes have properly segregated and MPF is absent

42
Q

G1 checkpoint looks for?

A

cell size is adequate
nutrients are sufficient
social signals are present
DNA is undamaged

43
Q

G2 checkpoint looks for?

A

chromosomes have replicated successfully
DNA is undamaged
activated MPF is present

44
Q

G0 state

A

mature cells do not pass checkpoints after G1 instead they enter the G0 state

45
Q

frequency of cell division - frequently throughout life

A

human skin and gut cells

46
Q

frequency of cell division - if they are damaged

A

some cells do not divide but retain the ability to divide

47
Q

frequency of cell division - G0 phase

A

fully formed muscle and nerve cells do not divide at all in mature human

48
Q

MPF stands for?

A

M-phase-promoting factor

49
Q

MPF does what?

A

is a molecular signal at the G2 checkpoint, that says “start mitosis”

50
Q

MPF consists of?

A

a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk) - constant concentration. and a cyclin (regulatory protein which concentration fluctuates through cell cycle

51
Q

As cyclin increases during interphase…

A

more and more associates with Cdk to form MPF

52
Q

Cdk stands for?

A

cyclin-dependent protein kinase

53
Q

What starts mitosis?

A

the kinase sub-unit catalyzes the phosphorylation of other proteins to start mitosis

54
Q

what stops mitosis?

A

during anaphase enzymes degrade cyclin sub-unit which is the off switch

55
Q

signals contributing to cell size

A

cell cycle stops if cells are too small

56
Q

signals contributing to availability of nutrients

A

lack of nutrients can arrest division at G1 checkpoint

57
Q

signals contributing to social signals

A

chemical signals (growth factors) from other cells: crowded cells stop dividing = density-dependent inhibition

58
Q

signals contributing to DNA damage

A

protein p53 activates genes that stop the cell cycle until repair or programmed cell death

59
Q

what is apoptosis

A

cell death

60
Q

what is cancer?

A

out-of-control cell division.
loss of social control, p53 function, suppression of apoptosis

61
Q

what do cancer cells do?

A

ignore the rules that govern cell division and the cell cycle

62
Q

mutation in genes does what?

A

mutation or defects in one or more genes results in faulty cell cycle control

63
Q

how do tumors form?

A

cell transforms into a cancer cell and cells divide rapidly (proliferate) in uncontrolled manner to form a tumor

64
Q

proliferate meaning

A

cells dividing rapidly

65
Q

how are cancer cells invasive?

A

able to spread through the body in blood or lymph system to other tissues by metastasis

66
Q

how do cancer cells avoid cell cycle control?

A

1) no growth signals required
2) inactivate genes and pathways that enable cells to die
3) they are immortal
4) they develop their own blood supply
5) metastasis

67
Q

Mitosis summary

A

1) each chromosomes duplicates during interphase
2) individual chromosomes line up along metaphase plate
3) sister chromatids separate and are pulled to poles of cell
4) results in two daughter cells both diploid and genetically identical to parent cell

68
Q

what does meiosis result in?

A

reduction in genetic material. each daughter cell contains only half as many chromosomes as parent cell (diploid to haploid)

BISC 101 Mid1 (7 decks)

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