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BISC 101 Mid1 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

lecture 3

1
Q

cell division

A

new cells arise from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

cell cycle

A

cell growth and division of the nucleus and genetic material (mitosis), cytoplasm and organelles (cytokinesis)

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3
Q

mitosis

A

genetic material is copied and divided equally so daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell

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4
Q

meiosis

A

results in daughter cells (eggs and sperm) that are genetically different with half the amount of genetic material as the parent cells

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5
Q

Mitotic phase

A

dividing phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

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6
Q

interphase phase

A

non-dividing phase
G1 - first gap phase
S - synthesis phase
G2 - second gap phase

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7
Q

what phase does DNA replication occur

A

S-phase where chromosomes are copied

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8
Q

DNA replication

A

making a copy of DNA, use DNA as a template and using DNA nucleotides

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9
Q

Transcription

A

making an mRNA copy of a DNA template, using RNA nucleotides

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10
Q

Translation

A

making a protein, using an mRNA template and amino acids

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11
Q

cell division involves…

A

copying DNA
separating DNA copies
dividing cytoplasm and all organelles and endomembrane system

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12
Q

what is a chromosome

A

consists of a single, long DNA molecule wrapped around histone proteins

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13
Q

DNA + proteins = ?

A

chromatin

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14
Q

what folds DNA molecules

A

proteins help

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15
Q

chromosomes carry?

A

several hundred to a few thousand genes

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16
Q

Genome

A

the cell’s total amount of DNA

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17
Q

Unreplicated chromosome

A

consists of a single, long DNA double helix wrapped around proteins

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18
Q

replicated chromosome

A

consists of two copies of the same chromosome

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19
Q

condensed replicated chromosome

A

consists of DNA condensed around its associated proteins, resulting in a compact chromosome that is 10,000x shorter than its original length

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20
Q

what are sister chromatids held together by

A

they are held together at the centromere by cohesin proteins

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21
Q

how does the cell move sister chromatids to the poles (opposite ends) during mitosis

A

the mitotic spindle

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22
Q

spindle structure

A

a microtubule structure with associated motor proteins that begins to assemble in prophase

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23
Q

kinetochore microtubules do what?

A

capture and move sister chromatids by binding to kinetochore

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24
Q

what forms spindle structure

A

other polar microtubules and shorter astral microtubules

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25
G2 interphase
nuclear envelope intact; chromosomes duplicated not condensed (long and thin); centrosome has duplicated
26
prophase
chromosomes condense, centrosomes move away from each other, mitotic spindle starts to form
27
prometaphase
nuclear envelope disintegrates, kinetochore microtubules contact chromosomes at kinetochore
28
metaphase
chromosomes complete migration to middle of cell
29
anaphase
sister chromatids separate; chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell as kinetochore microtubules shorten
30
telophase
nuclear envelope reforms; spindle disintegrates
31
cytokinesis
separation of cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells. occurs by a process called cleavage
32
mitotic spindle is made of...
microtubules
33
microtubules are...
polymers composed of alpha and beta tubulin sub-units
34
the kinetochore and ring structures do what?
tether the chromosome to the microtubule
35
where and when do microtubules disassemble
at the kinetochore during anaphase due to the loss of tubulin sub-units
36
as the microtubule shortens...
the chromosome is pulled towards the poles of the dividing cells
37
what forms on the cell surface
cleavage furrow
38
what is the cleavage furrow forming caused by?
a contractile ring of actin microfilaments which interact with myosin molecules to contract ring
39
checkpoints of the cell cycle have what?
molecular signals that report whether critical cellular processes that should have occurred by that point have been completed correctly
40
what do checkpoints look for?
cell size sufficient DNA undamaged DNA replicated OK social signals present molecular signals (MPF) present
41
M-phase checkpoint looks for?
chromosomes have attached to spindle apparatus chromosomes have properly segregated and MPF is absent
42
G1 checkpoint looks for?
cell size is adequate nutrients are sufficient social signals are present DNA is undamaged
43
G2 checkpoint looks for?
chromosomes have replicated successfully DNA is undamaged activated MPF is present
44
G0 state
mature cells do not pass checkpoints after G1 instead they enter the G0 state
45
frequency of cell division - frequently throughout life
human skin and gut cells
46
frequency of cell division - if they are damaged
some cells do not divide but retain the ability to divide
47
frequency of cell division - G0 phase
fully formed muscle and nerve cells do not divide at all in mature human
48
MPF stands for?
M-phase-promoting factor
49
MPF does what?
is a molecular signal at the G2 checkpoint, that says "start mitosis"
50
MPF consists of?
a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk) - constant concentration. and a cyclin (regulatory protein which concentration fluctuates through cell cycle
51
As cyclin increases during interphase...
more and more associates with Cdk to form MPF
52
Cdk stands for?
cyclin-dependent protein kinase
53
What starts mitosis?
the kinase sub-unit catalyzes the phosphorylation of other proteins to start mitosis
54
what stops mitosis?
during anaphase enzymes degrade cyclin sub-unit which is the off switch
55
signals contributing to cell size
cell cycle stops if cells are too small
56
signals contributing to availability of nutrients
lack of nutrients can arrest division at G1 checkpoint
57
signals contributing to social signals
chemical signals (growth factors) from other cells: crowded cells stop dividing = density-dependent inhibition
58
signals contributing to DNA damage
protein p53 activates genes that stop the cell cycle until repair or programmed cell death
59
what is apoptosis
cell death
60
what is cancer?
out-of-control cell division. loss of social control, p53 function, suppression of apoptosis
61
what do cancer cells do?
ignore the rules that govern cell division and the cell cycle
62
mutation in genes does what?
mutation or defects in one or more genes results in faulty cell cycle control
63
how do tumors form?
cell transforms into a cancer cell and cells divide rapidly (proliferate) in uncontrolled manner to form a tumor
64
proliferate meaning
cells dividing rapidly
65
how are cancer cells invasive?
able to spread through the body in blood or lymph system to other tissues by metastasis
66
how do cancer cells avoid cell cycle control?
1) no growth signals required 2) inactivate genes and pathways that enable cells to die 3) they are immortal 4) they develop their own blood supply 5) metastasis
67
Mitosis summary
1) each chromosomes duplicates during interphase 2) individual chromosomes line up along metaphase plate 3) sister chromatids separate and are pulled to poles of cell 4) results in two daughter cells both diploid and genetically identical to parent cell
68
what does meiosis result in?
reduction in genetic material. each daughter cell contains only half as many chromosomes as parent cell (diploid to haploid)

BISC 101 Mid1 (7 decks)

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