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BISC 101 Mid1 > Gene 2 Protein > Flashcards

Gene 2 Protein Flashcards

Lecture 5

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1
Q

Genes meaning

A

specific sequences of nucleotides -> specify the amino acid sequence of proteins via transcription and translation

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2
Q

How is a triplet genetic code made?

A

3 nucleotides specify each amino acid to make them

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3
Q

Transcription meaning

A

the DNA-directed synthesis of mRNA

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4
Q

When do eukaryotic cells modify RNA?

A

after transcription and before translation

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5
Q

translation meaning

A

RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide (protein)

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6
Q

where does translation occur and what does it involve?

A

on ribosomes and involves tRNA

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7
Q

Where does post-transitional processing of proteins occur?

A

in ER

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8
Q

How do mutations affect nucleotides?

A

they can affect protein structure and function

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9
Q

mRNA function

A

carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

central dogma meaning

A

genes code for proteins

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11
Q

what does RNA contain?

A

ribose sugar and uracil

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12
Q

codons meaning

A

genetic instructions for proteins (AA chain) is written as series of non-overlapping, three nucleotide “words”

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13
Q

start codon

A

AUG

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14
Q

stop codon

A

UAA,UAG,UGA

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15
Q

RNA transcript

A

mRNA is a polymer of RNA nucleotides which is complimentary to the sequence of DNA nucleotides

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16
Q

what is the RNA polymer made of?

A

RNA polymerase

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17
Q

Initiation of transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter, DNA strand unwinds; RNA polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at start point on template strand

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18
Q

Elongation of Transcription

A

RNA polymerase moves downstream, unwinding DNA, and elongating RNA transcript at 3’ end. DNA strands reform as double helix

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19
Q

Termination of transcription

A

RNA polymerase reaches terminator sequence, mRNA is released and polymerase deattaches from DNA

20
Q

RNA polymerase other regulatory proteins

A

sigma protein (bacteria)
transcription factors (eukaryotes)

21
Q

what do sigma/transcription factors do?

A

they recognized and bind tightly to the promotor regions of the DNA where transcription begins. Also guide RNA polymerase to correct part of DNA

22
Q

Promoters are?

A

sequence of DNA nucleotides including start point but extending 20-30 nucleotides upstream, with TATA sequence

23
Q

Promoters specific short sequences are

A

TATAAT in bacteria (-10 box, 10 base pairs upstream)
TATA box in eukaryotes ( 30 base pairs upstream)

24
Q

Several transcription factors recognize?

A

the TATA box and bind to DNA before RNA polymerase can bind correctly

25
Q

what do additional transcription factors do?

A

bind to DNA along with polymerase, forming transcription initiation complex which unwinds DNA and starts RNA synthesis

26
Q

RNA polymerase unwinds the double helix…

A

exposing 10-20 DNA nucleotides at a time for complimentary base-pairing with RNA nucleotides

27
Q

What end does newly synthesized mRNA transcript emerge?

A

5’ end

28
Q

When does termination occur

A

when RNA polymerase reaches a DNA sequence that functions as a stop signal

29
Q

processing of primary mRNA in the nucleus before export and translation

A

1) RNA splicing
2) enzyme-catalyzed addition of 5’ cap
3) enzyme-catalyzed addition of 3’ polyA tail

30
Q

what does RNA splicing do?

A

removes introns and splices or joins exons

31
Q

what does RNA splicing involve?

A

snRNPS (snurps) in a mulit-part complex called the spliceosome

32
Q

what do caps and tails do?

A

protect mRNA from enzyme breakdown and enhance efficiency of translation

33
Q

Alternative splicing

A

during splicing selected exons can be removed from primary RNA transcript along with introns. Cutting the RNA transcript in different ways result in different proteins

34
Q

Translation involves?

A

ribosomes and transfer RNA

35
Q

(poly) ribosomes are?

A

the site of protein synthesis

36
Q

what forms a polypeptide? (protein)

A

sequence of nucleotide bases in mRNA is translated into a sequence of amino acids

37
Q

how does an mRNA codon get translated into a specific amino acid

A

involves another form of RNA: tRNA

38
Q

Ribosomal RNA + proteins small sub-unit

A

has mRNA binding site (section of rRNA nucleotides)

39
Q

ribosomal RNA + proteins large subunit

A

has 3 tRNA binding sites
(A, P, E)

40
Q

Elongation of polypeptides during translation

A

1) tRNA with its amino acid diffuses into the A site and its anticodon binds to a codon on the mRNA
2) A peptide bond forms between the amino acid held by the tRNA in the A site and the growing polypeptide held by the tRNA in the P site
3) ribosome moves ahead down the mRNA template and all 3 tRNAs move one position down and the tRNA in the E site exits

41
Q

A site means

A

acceptor site

42
Q

P site means

A

peptide site

43
Q

E site means

A

exit site

44
Q

Post-translational modification of proteins

A

polypeptide or amino acid chain is folded into 3D shape

45
Q

Chemical modifications of proteins

A

addition of carbohydrates via glycosylation is an example

46
Q

where are proteins packaged

A

membrane-bound vesicles for storage in the cell or export via exocytosis

BISC 101 Mid1 (7 decks)

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