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ESA1 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Moderate physical activity daily expenditure of a 58 kg adult female

A

9500kJ

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1
Q

Moderate physical activity daily expenditure of a 70kg adult male

A

12000kJ

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2
Q

Components of daily expenditure

A

Basal Metabolic Rate
Voluntary physical exercise
Diet-induced thermogenesis

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3
Q

Use of fats

A

Absorb fat-soluble vitamins

Energy source after carbohydrates

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4
Q

Examples of essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic acids

Linolenic acids

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5
Q

What are essential fatty acids used for?

A

Structural component of cells membranes

Precursors of important regulatory molecules (eicosanoids)

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6
Q

Use of proteins

A

Amino acids, product of digestion of protein
Used in synthesis of essential N-containing compounds
E.g. Creatine, nucleotides, haem

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7
Q

Excretion of proteins

A

Degraded and excreted in urine as urea

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8
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Cannot be synthesised in body

Come from dietary protein

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9
Q

Why are carbohydrates essential to diet?

A

Major energy-containing component of diet

17kJ/g

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10
Q

How much of the adult body weight is water?

A

50-60%

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11
Q

Fibre essential to diet?

A

Non-digestible plant material for normal bowel function

E.g. Cellulose

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12
Q

Minerals and vitamins in diet

A

Either water-soluble or lipid-soluble

Deficiency disease associated with the absence/excess of these

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13
Q

Clinical signs of starvation

A

Cold and weakness
-> loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting
Infections of GI tract and lungs are common

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14
Q

Cause of marasmus

A

Protein-energy malnutrition

Common in children under 5

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15
Q

Cause of kwashiorkor

A

Young child displaced from breastfeeding

Fed diet with some carbohydrate but very low protein content

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16
Q

Clinical signs of marasmus

A 
Emaciated look 
Obvious signs of muscle wasting and loss of body fat (no Oedema signs) 
Hair is thin and dry
Diarrhoea common
Anaemia may be present
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17
Q

Clinical signs of kwashiorkor

A 
Apathetic
Lethargic
Anorexic (loss of apetite)
Distended abdomen
Oedema
Anaemia is common
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18
Q

Why do kwashiorkor sufferers have a distended abdomen?

A

Hepatomegaly

Ascites

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19
Q

What is a hepatomegaly?

A

Enlarged liver

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20
Q

What is ascites?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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21
Q

How does generalised oedema occur in kwashiorkor?

A

Due to low serum albumin (osmotic pressure)

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22
Q

Calculate BMI

A

Height^2 (m^2)

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23
Q

Underweight BMI

A

<18.5

24
Q

Desirable BMI

A

18.5-24.9

25
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25-29.9

26
Q

Obese BMI

A

30-34.9

27
Q

Severely obese BMI

A

> 35

28
Q

Define obesity

A

Excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health
BMI greater than 30
Leading to reduced life expectancy/ increased health problems

29
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Dynamic equilibrium
Homeostatic mechanisms act to counteract changes in the internal environment

30
Q

What are the two main communication pathways?

A 
Nervous system
Endocrine system (hormones)
31
Q

What is paracrine control?

A

Local release (via ducts/ exocrine) and action

32
Q

What is autocrine control?

A

Agents released by a cell which affects the releasing cell

33
Q

Branches of peripheral nervous system

A 
Afferent branch (sensory input)
Efferent branch (motor output)
34
Q

What does the control centre do?

A

Establishes the reference set point
Analyses the afferent input
Determines the appropriate response

35
Q

Examples of control centres in the brain

A

Hypothalamus in diencephalon

Medulla oblongata in brain stem

36
Q

Role of hypothalamus

A

Control of endocrine system

37
Q

Role of medulla oblongata

A

Control of ventilation and the cardiovascular system

38
Q

Role of receptors

A

Detect stimuli
E.g. Changes in internal environment
Specialised nerve endings
E.g. Chemo/thermoreceptors

39
Q

Sensors from receptors to control centre

A

Communicate input via afferent nerves

40
Q

Role of effector

A

Causes change
Control centre produces an output
Communicated via efferent pathways to effectors
E.g. Sweat glands activated to produce more sweat causing heat loss

41
Q

Biological rhythm of cortisol

A

Peak at 7am to 7pm

Circadian rhythm

42
Q

Low blood cortisol

A

Hypo activity of adrenal cortex

Addisons’s disease

43
Q

High blood cortisol

A

Hyperactivity of adrenal cortex

Cushing’s syndrome

44
Q

Marker for ovulation

A

Sudden increase in core body temperature

45
Q

Define cell metabolism

A

Highly integrated network of chemical reactions that occur within cells

46
Q

Cells metabolise nutrients to provide

A

Energy for cell function (and synthesis of cell components (ATP))
Building block molecules (synthesis of cell components for growth, maintenance, repair, division of cell)
Organic precursor molecules (eg acetyl CoA, intercom version of building block molecules)
Biosynthetic reducing power (used in the synthesis of cell components NADPH)

47
Q

Cell nutrients in blood comes from

A

Diet
Synthesis in body tissues from precursors
Released from storage in body tissue

48
Q

What happens to cell nutrients?

A

Degradation to release energy in all tissues
Synthesis of cell components in all tissues except RBC
Storage in liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle

49
Q

Define catabolism

A

Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones

50
Q

Define anabolism

A

Smaller molecules built up into larger ones

51
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Large -> small
Oxidative - release H+ (reducing power)
Release large amounts of free energy (some conserved as ATP)
Produces intermediary metabolites

52
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Small -> large
Reductive - use H+ ions
Use intermediary metabolites and energy (ATP) produced by catabolism to drive the synthesis of important cell components

53
Q

What is exergonic?

A

Energy releasing (Gibbs Free Energy -ve)

54
Q

Energy release from phosphorylated compounds

A

Have high energy of hydrolysis

Phosphate phosphate bond is high energy bond

55
Q

Creating phosphate in muscle

A

Muscle needs to increase metabolic activity very quickly

Need a reserve of high energy stores that can be used immediately

56
Q

Reaction catalysed by creatine kinase in muscle

A

Creatine + ATP Creatine Phosphate + ADP

High ATP forward reaction is favoured

57
Q

What happens in oxidative reactions?

A

Electrons are removed

Removal of hydrogen atoms

ESA1 (6 decks)

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