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ESA1 > HaDPop > Flashcards

HaDPop Flashcards

0
Q

Use of a census

A 
Population
Health
Housing
Employment
Transport
Ethnic group
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1
Q

Define census

A

The simultaneous cording of demographic data buy the government at a particular time pertaining to all the persons who live in a particular territory

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2
Q

Measures of fertility

A

Crude birth rate
General fertility rate
Total period fertility rate

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3
Q

Define CBR

A

Crude birth rate

Number of live births per 1000 population

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4
Q

Define GFR

A

General fertility rate

Number of live births per 1000 females aged 15-44 years

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5
Q

Define TPFR

A

Total period fertility rate

The average number of children that would be born to a hypothetical woman in her life

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6
Q

Why use CBR?

A

Describes impact of births (-deaths +/- migration) on size of population
Takes men into account

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7
Q

Why use GFR?

A

Compares fertility of fertile female populations

Requires all women to be known

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8
Q

Why use TPFR?

A

Removes influence of age group structure when comparing fertility of fertile females
Removes confounding of age
Only observed in short term study, useless in long

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9
Q

Define fecundity

A

Physical ability to reproduce

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10
Q

Define fertility

A

Realisation of this potential as births

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11
Q

What affects fecundity?

A

Hysterectomy

Sterilisation

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12
Q

What affects fertility?

A

Contraception
Abortion
Good economic climate
Increased sexual activity

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13
Q

Measures of mortality

A

Crude death rate
Age specific death rate
Standardise mortality rate

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14
Q

Define CDR

A

Crude death rate

Number of deaths per 1000 population

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15
Q

Define ASDR

A

Age-specific death rate

Number of deaths per 1000 in age group

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16
Q

Define SMR

A

Standardised mortality ratio
Compared ‘observed’ number of deaths with number ‘expected’ (reference group)
Adjusted for age-sex distribution (removes confounding)
Expressed as percentage or ratio relative to 1

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17
Q

Reasons for collecting mortality data

A

Inform health services
Classify causes of death
Analyse patterns in mortality rate

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18
Q

Define incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disease

Useful for monitoring epidemics

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19
Q

Define prevalence

A

Number of people affected by disease (new and old)
Measures need for services
Measured as proportion not a rate
Does not take time into account

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20
Q

Incidence rate calculation

A

Persons x time (years)

21
Q

Define incidence rate ratio

A

Allows us to compare incidence rate of two groups with different levels of exposure
Exposed/unexposed
Compare efficacy of treatment

22
Q

Define confounding factor

A

Links exposure to outcome but not on causative pathway

23
Q

Common confounders

A

Ethnicity
Age
Sex

24
Q

Define confidence interval

A

Range within which we can be 95% certain that the true value of the underlying tendency lies
IR or SMR /x error factor
X1000 to get per 1000 person years

25
Q

Define null hypothesis

A

Default position
No relationship between exposure and outcome
1

26
Q

Define p value

A

Probability that the data observed is simply due to chance

<0.05 reject H0

27
Q

Value lies within 95% confidence interval

A

Null hypothesis value of 1 lies in CI
P>0.05
Results not statistically significant and could be due to chance
Cannot reject null hypothesis

28
Q

If null hypothesis value lies outside CI

A

Null hypothesis value of 1 does not lie in CI
P<0.05
Results are statistically significant and unlikely due to chance
Can reject null hypothesis

29
Q

How to run a cohort study?

A

Recruit disease-free individuals
Classify into exposed and unexposed
Follow each group over time (years)
Count how many develop the disease being studied
Calculate the IR (d/p-y) for each group and then the IRR (relative risk)

30
Q

Types of cohort studies

A

Concurrent (prospective)
Historical (retrospective)
Internal
External

31
Q

Define concurrent (prospective) study

A

Follow up starts immediately or later

32
Q

Define historical (retrospective) study

A

Collect follow up data from the past

33
Q

Define internal study

A

Between two subgroups

IRR

34
Q

Define external study

A

Follow 1 group
Compare to reference group
SMR

35
Q

Prospective vs retrospective

A

Retro quicker but may have unknown confounding

Because collecting data from past

36
Q

Problems with external cohorts

A

Often limited data available for reference population
Often no incidence data only mortality
Study and ref population may not be comparable (selection bias)

37
Q

Problems with internal cohort

A

Always smaller sample size and bigger error factor than external

38
Q

Problems with cohort studies

A 
Large and resource intensive 
Long time
High loss to follow up (survivor bias)
Not good for rare disease
Possible unknown confounders
39
Q

Case control study

A

Identify group of cases (diseased)
Identify a suitable group of non-cases (controls)
Establish previous exposure to causative agent
Compare level of exposure in cases and controls(x6cases)

40
Q

Odds ratio

A

Controls exposed x cases unexposed

41
Q

Types of bias

A

Selection
Responder
Survivor
Information

42
Q

When use IRR

A

Cohort

43
Q

When use OR

A

Case controlled study

44
Q

Cohort vs case control

A 
Exposure basis
Time n cost
Rare disease n outcomes
Range of d n o
Bias n follow up
Measure incidence
45
Q

Exposure basis of study types

A

Cohort - compares outcomes based on exposure

Case-control exposure based on disease status

46
Q

Cohort vs case control time n cose

A

Cohort large and time-consuming and so relatively expensive

Case-control quicker and relatively cheap

47
Q

Cohort vs case control rare

A

Cohort not good for rare outcomes or diseases

Case-control not good for rare exposures

48
Q

Cohort vs case control range disease

A

Cohort - study range of outcomes or diseases for each exposure
Case-control - study range of exposures for each outcome/disease

49
Q

Cohort vs case control bias

A

Cohort prone to losses to follow up

Case-control prone to selection and information bias

50
Q

Types of information bias

A

Recall

Publication

51
Q

Types of selection bias

A

Allocation

Healthy worker effect

ESA1 (6 decks)

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