Metabolism Flashcards
What are the metabolic pathways that build molecules from smaller subunits?
Anabolism
What are the metabolic pathways that breakdown larger molecules into smaller subunits?
Catabolism
__________ requires energy, ___________ releases energy. (metabolic pathways)
Anabolism/catabolism
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Base, sugar and phosphate group
What are the high energy bonds between phosphate groups?
Phosphoanhydride bonds
What is the direct form of cellular energy?
ATP
What are the indirect energy forms in the cell?
NADH and FADH2
What cycle do NADH and FADH2 need to go through to make ATP?
Electron transport chain
Which metabolic pathway makes glucose from precursor molecules?
Gluconeogenesis
Which metabolic pathway makes glycogen to store glucose?
Glycogenesis
During fatty acid synthesis, what are fatty acids made from?
Acetyl CoA
Which metabolic pathway adds fatty acids to a glycerol backbone to make triglyceride lipids?
Lipogenesis
Which metabolic pathway makes ketone bodies from acetyl CoA?
Ketogenesis
Which metabolic pathway shunts glucose into the creation of various 5-carbon sugars and NADPH
Pentose Phosphate Shunt
Where does gluconeogenesis take place?
Mitochondria and cytosol
Where does glycogenesis take place?
Cytosol
Where does fatty acid synthesis take place?
Cytosol
Where does ketogenesis take place?
Mitochondria
Where does pentose phosphate shunt take place?
Cytosol
Which metabolic pathway is the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose? (Glucose will then enter glycolysis to produce energy.
Glycogenolysis
Which metabolic pathway is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to produce energy (NADH, ATP) (afterward, pyruvate can be converted to acetyl CoA to enter the CAC to produce more energy.
Glycolysis
Which metabolic pathway is the breakdown of fatty acyls to acetyl CoA to produce energy (NADH, FADH2) Acetyl CoA to enter CAC to produce more energy.
Beta oxidation
Which metabolic pathway is the breakdown of ketone bodies to acetyl CoA? So that Acetyl CoA can enter the CAC to produce more energy
Ketolysis
Which metabolic pathway is the breakdown of citrate (made from acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate) to produce energy (NADH, FADH2, ATP)
Citric acid cycle
Where does glycogenolysis take place?
Cytosol
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytosol
Where does beta oxidation take place?
Mitochondria
Where does ketolysis take place?
Mitochondria
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Mitochondria
Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose into 2 _________?
2 pyruvate
What organ is the main site of gluconeogenesis?
The liver
Which substrates are included in gluconeogenesis?
Glucogenic AA’s
Lactate
Glycerol
Breakdown of glycogen?
Glycogenolysis
Where is glycogen broken down?
Liver AND muscles
Which 2 forms of energy input are used in glycogenesis?
ATP and UTP
What are the 2 purposes of the pentose phosphate shunt?
1.) Production of NADPH (used in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species)
2.) It produces ribose-5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis, which is necessary for DNA and RNA production
**It can feed sugars back into glycolysis if needed **
Which take up less space, glycogen or triglycerides?
Triglycerides
Which tissues can ketone bodies be used by when needed?
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, brain
During the breakdown of ketone bodies (ketolysis), what is released?
acetyl CoA
Any cycle that can lead to the production of ________________ can feed into CAC to make more energy.
Acetyl CoA
What 3 catabolic pathways can feed into CAC?
1.) glycolysis
2.) beta-oxidation of FAs
3.) Amino acid catabolism
Where does the electron transport chain take place?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
From what energy source does the ETC take electrons from?
NADH and FADH2
During the ETC, electrons are eventually donated to oxygen to make ______?
H20
During ETC, what is used to drive the production of ATP?
An H+ gradient, created from electron movement used to pump H+ into the intermembrane space.
Which enzyme is used in ETC to move H+ out of the intermembrane space.
ATP synthase, which makes ATP.
