Chemistry of Life

Question 1

Which type of bond is the sharing of electrons?

Answer 1

Covalent

Question 2

How many covalent bonds can carbon make?

Answer 2

4, by sharing its 4 outer shell electrons and accommodating 4 shared electrons (from another element) in its outer shell

Question 3

How many covalent bonds can H make?

Answer 3

Can make 1 covalent bond by sharing its outer shell electron and accommodating one shared electron in its outer shell

Question 4

Which type of bonding requires enzymes to break?

Answer 4

Covalent

Question 5

True or False. Covalent bonds can be polar or non-polar?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Polar or non-polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons?

Answer 6

Polar

Question 7

electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions

Answer 7

Polar

Question 8

With polar bonding, the atom of a bonded pair that “hogs” the electrons has a partial _______, and the other atom has a partial_________

Answer 8

Negative (-)
Positive (+)

Question 9

What kind of covalent bonding is an equal sharing of electrons?

Answer 9

Non-polar

Question 10

What determines if a bond is polar or not?

Answer 10

Electronegativities of atoms

Question 11

The more electronegative, the more the atom is a “hogger” or a “giver”?

Answer 11

Hogger

Question 12

What are the 3 aspects that determine the electronegativty?

Answer 12

• The number of protons in the nucleus
• The distance of the electrons from the nucleus
• The shielding of the electrons from the nucleus

Question 13

If the difference between the electronegativities of the atoms forming the covalent bond is > 0.5, what kind of bond will be formed?

Answer 13

non-polar covalent
equal sharing due to very little EN differences

Question 14

Is O2, non-polar covalent, ionic, or polar covalent?

Answer 14

Non-polar covalent. All diatomic molecules will be non-polar covalent

Question 15

If the difference between the electronegativities of the atoms forming the covalent bond is between 0.5 - 2.0, what kind of bond will be formed?

Answer 15

polar covalent
unequal sharing due to moderate electronegativity differences

Question 16

If the difference between the electronegativities of the atoms forming the covalent bond is > 2.0, what kind of bond will be formed?

Answer 16

ionic
electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions

Question 17

The ability of water to form __________ allows for its
unique thermal and solvent properties.

Answer 17

H-bonds

Question 17

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 17

Dipole-dipole interactions between a (+)δ H on one
molecule and a (-)δ O (or N or sometimes S) on a
neighbouring molecule

Question 18

How can water dissolve neutral polar molecules?

Answer 18

Forces a dipole induced dipole

Question 19

How can water dissolve ionic molecules?

Answer 19

In the solution, the weaker ionic bonds are able to separate and be pulled toward H2O, surrounds it and breaks the bonds

Question 20

Are polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 20

Hydrophilic

Question 21

What are Van Der Waals forces?

Answer 21

non-covalent bonds, Van der Waals forces are like tiny magnets or charges that make things either stick together or push apart, depending on how close they are and whether they have a mix of positive and negative charges.

Question 22

What are the 3 types of Van der Waals forces, in order from strongest to weakest.

Answer 22

1.) Dipole-dipole
2.) Dipole -induced dipole
3.) Induced dipole-induced dipole

Question 23

Which type of interaction is the exclusion of non-polar substances from water?

Answer 23

Hydrophobic interactions

Question 24

The folding and shape of a protein is dependent on what?

Answer 24

R-group

Question 25

Globular proteins can be ____________, but remain hydrophobic.

Answer 25

Water soluble

Question 26

When ionic interactions occur between amino acid side chains of proteins, ionic bonds are referred to as ___________.

Answer 26

Salt bridges

Question 27

The atoms found in organic molecules form a number of functional groups that have predicable (covalent/non-covalent) bonding patters based on their (polarities/shape).

Answer 27

Non-covalent/polarities

Question 28

Why can the addition or removal of a phosphoryl group completely change the function or the molecule?

Answer 28

It will change its charge which in turn will change what it can bond with

Question 29

Which functional group can be added or removed (with enzymes) to turn them on or off?

Answer 29

Phosphoryl

Question 30

What is the name of a monosaccharide with a hydroxyl group plus an aldehyde?

Answer 30

Aldose

Question 31

What is the name of a monosaccharide with a hydroxyl group plus a ketone?

Answer 31

Ketose

Question 32

What is a 6-atom ring structure called?

Answer 32

pyranose

Question 33

What is a 5-atom ring structure called?

Answer 33

furanose

Question 34

What kind of bonds are formed to make disaccharides?

Answer 34

Glycosidic bonds

Question 35

What is this a general formula of? CH3(CH2)nCOOH

Answer 35

Fatty acid (saturated)

Question 36

Fatty acids are ___________chains.

Answer 36

hydrocarbon

Question 37

What type of functional group is at the end of fatty acids?

Answer 37

carboxyl group (-COOH)

Question 38

Where do fatty acids attach to create mono-,di-, or tri-glycerides?

Answer 38

glycerol backbone

Question 39

What type of linkage links a fatty acid to the glycerol backbone?

Answer 39

Ester linkage

Question 40

What are the 3 branched chain AA?

Answer 40

Leucine, isoleucine and valine

Question 41

Which 3 AA cannot be absorbed/broke down by the liver? But can by the muscle and brain.

Answer 41

leucine, isoleucine, and valine

Question 42

True or false. Our bodies have a storage form for AAs.

Answer 42

False. Our bodies DO NOT have a storage form for AAs, they will be broken down and catabolized by the liver predominantly.

Question 43

What kind of bond does an amino acid form to be incorporated into proteins?

Answer 43

peptide bonds

Question 44

What is the general structure of a nucleotide?

Answer 44

Nitrogenous base, 5-C sugar, and phosphate group (s)

Question 45

What is the difference in a purine and pyrimidine structure?

Answer 45

Purine: double ring Pyrimidine: single ring structure

Question 46

Adenine and guanine are both (purines/pyrimidines.)

Answer 46

Purines

Question 47

Thymine, uracil and cytosine are all (purines, pyrimidines)

Answer 47

Pyrimidines

Question 48

__________ nucleotide is found only in DNA and ___________ nucleotide is found only in RNA.

Answer 48

thymine, uracil

Question 49

Which kind of bond is used for nucleotides for form nucleic acids?

Answer 49

phosphodiester bonds (covalent linkage)