Chemistry of Life Flashcards
Which type of bond is the sharing of electrons?
Covalent
How many covalent bonds can carbon make?
4, by sharing its 4 outer shell electrons and accommodating 4 shared electrons (from another element) in its outer shell
How many covalent bonds can H make?
Can make 1 covalent bond by sharing its outer shell electron and accommodating one shared electron in its outer shell
Which type of bonding requires enzymes to break?
Covalent
True or False. Covalent bonds can be polar or non-polar?
True
Polar or non-polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons?
Polar
electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions
Polar
With polar bonding, the atom of a bonded pair that “hogs” the electrons has a partial _______, and the other atom has a partial_________
Negative (-)
Positive (+)
What kind of covalent bonding is an equal sharing of electrons?
Non-polar
What determines if a bond is polar or not?
Electronegativities of atoms
The more electronegative, the more the atom is a “hogger” or a “giver”?
Hogger
What are the 3 aspects that determine the electronegativty?
- The number of protons in the nucleus
- The distance of the electrons from the nucleus
- The shielding of the electrons from the nucleus
If the difference between the electronegativities of the atoms forming the covalent bond is > 0.5, what kind of bond will be formed?
non-polar covalent
equal sharing due to very little EN differences
Is O2, non-polar covalent, ionic, or polar covalent?
Non-polar covalent. All diatomic molecules will be non-polar covalent
If the difference between the electronegativities of the atoms forming the covalent bond is between 0.5 - 2.0, what kind of bond will be formed?
polar covalent
unequal sharing due to moderate electronegativity differences
If the difference between the electronegativities of the atoms forming the covalent bond is > 2.0, what kind of bond will be formed?
ionic
electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions
The ability of water to form __________ allows for its
unique thermal and solvent properties.
H-bonds
What is a hydrogen bond?
Dipole-dipole interactions between a (+)δ H on one
molecule and a (-)δ O (or N or sometimes S) on a
neighbouring molecule
How can water dissolve neutral polar molecules?
Forces a dipole induced dipole
How can water dissolve ionic molecules?
In the solution, the weaker ionic bonds are able to separate and be pulled toward H2O, surrounds it and breaks the bonds
Are polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic
What are Van Der Waals forces?
non-covalent bonds, Van der Waals forces are like tiny magnets or charges that make things either stick together or push apart, depending on how close they are and whether they have a mix of positive and negative charges.
What are the 3 types of Van der Waals forces, in order from strongest to weakest.
1.) Dipole-dipole
2.) Dipole -induced dipole
3.) Induced dipole-induced dipole
Which type of interaction is the exclusion of non-polar substances from water?
Hydrophobic interactions
The folding and shape of a protein is dependent on what?
R-group
Globular proteins can be ____________, but remain hydrophobic.
Water soluble
When ionic interactions occur between amino acid side chains of proteins, ionic bonds are referred to as ___________.
Salt bridges
The atoms found in organic molecules form a number of functional groups that have predicable (covalent/non-covalent) bonding patters based on their (polarities/shape).
Non-covalent/polarities
Why can the addition or removal of a phosphoryl group completely change the function or the molecule?
It will change its charge which in turn will change what it can bond with
Which functional group can be added or removed (with enzymes) to turn them on or off?
Phosphoryl
What is the name of a monosaccharide with a hydroxyl group plus an aldehyde?
Aldose
What is the name of a monosaccharide with a hydroxyl group plus a ketone?
Ketose
What is a 6-atom ring structure called?
pyranose
What is a 5-atom ring structure called?
furanose
What kind of bonds are formed to make disaccharides?
Glycosidic bonds
What is this a general formula of? CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Fatty acid (saturated)
Fatty acids are ___________chains.
hydrocarbon
What type of functional group is at the end of fatty acids?
carboxyl group (-COOH)
Where do fatty acids attach to create mono-,di-, or tri-glycerides?
glycerol backbone
What type of linkage links a fatty acid to the glycerol backbone?
Ester linkage
What are the 3 branched chain AA?
Leucine, isoleucine and valine
Which 3 AA cannot be absorbed/broke down by the liver? But can by the muscle and brain.
leucine, isoleucine, and valine
True or false. Our bodies have a storage form for AAs.
False. Our bodies DO NOT have a storage form for AAs, they will be broken down and catabolized by the liver predominantly.
What kind of bond does an amino acid form to be incorporated into proteins?
peptide bonds
What is the general structure of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, 5-C sugar, and phosphate group (s)
What is the difference in a purine and pyrimidine structure?
Purine: double ring
Pyrimidine: single ring structure
Adenine and guanine are both (purines/pyrimidines.)
Purines
Thymine, uracil and cytosine are all (purines, pyrimidines)
Pyrimidines
__________ nucleotide is found only in DNA and ___________ nucleotide is found only in RNA.
thymine, uracil
Which kind of bond is used for nucleotides for form nucleic acids?
phosphodiester bonds (covalent linkage)
