Carbohydrates

Question 1

Name 3 monosaccharides

Answer 1

fructose, glucose, galactose

Question 2

Name 3 disaccharides

Answer 2

sucrose, maltose, lactose

Question 3

Where can oxidation occur in the carb. structure?

Answer 3

either terminal (CH2OH and/or aldehyde end)

Question 4

Where can reduction happen in the carb. structure?

Answer 4

aldehyde end of straight chain

Question 5

What is a reducing sugar? Common example?

Answer 5

a sugar that can reduce a wear oxidizing agent
glucose

Question 6

What are any sugars capable of opening into the straight chain form?

Answer 6

reducing sugars

Question 7

What has to be on the anomeric C1 carbon in order to be a reducing sugar?

Answer 7

Only an OH

Question 8

In Benedict’s solution, what happens if reducing sugars are present in the urine?

Answer 8

the reagent turns reddish brown

Question 9

What can sugar in the urine indicate?

Answer 9

presence of diabetes melitus

Question 10

What does esterification typically involve?

Answer 10

the formation of phosphate or sulfate esters

Question 11

What does adding a phosphate to a monosaccharide do for it?

Answer 11

Makes it more reactive
aid in trapping molecule in cell

Question 12

Which monosaccharides are often found in the CT?

Answer 12

sulfated

Question 13

What does the sulfated monosaccharide attract? What does this do?

Answer 13

attracts large amounts of water therefore,
makes CT less dense, occupies more space

Question 14

What are sugars where the OH group on the anomeric carbon is replaced by an alcohol?

Answer 14

glycosides, forming a glycosidic link

Question 15

What is a methylation reaction?

Answer 15

Methyl is added to either alpha or beta, locking hemiacetals into an acetal which is stable

Question 16

What are 2 monosaccharide derivitives?

Answer 16

deoxy- sugars (ex. deoxyribose)
amino sugars (D- glucosamine)

Question 17

What is a sugar that the OH group is replaced by an amino group, which may also be acetylated?

Answer 17

amino sugars (common in complex biomolecules)

Question 18

What type of link joins a disaccharide?

Answer 18

glycosidic linkage

Question 19

Where do the alpha and beta designations come from?

Answer 19

OH positions at C1 of the 1st and 2nd monosaccharide

Question 20

Where does the numerical designation of a disaccharide come from?

Answer 20

the carbons associated with the glycosidic bond

Question 21

A disaccharide is D- if what? L-?

Answer 21

If the hydroxyl group on the highest numbered chiral carbon is on the right side/ left side

Question 22

_________ are small numbers (3-15) of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. __________ are larger.

Answer 22

oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

Question 23

When oligosaccharides are linked to proteins and lipids, what are they called?

Answer 23

glycoconjugates

Question 24

Reducing sugar?
1.) sucrose
2.) glucose
3.) fructose

Answer 24

1.) no
2.) yes
3.) yes

Question 25

2 functions of homopolysaccharides? (chain of all the same monosaccharides) POLYsaccharides

Answer 25

1.) storage (starch, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen) 2.) structural ( cellulose)

Question 26

1 function of heteropolysaccharides? (chain of 2 or more diff. monosacs.)

Answer 26

structural (GAGs)

Question 27

Amylose in D-glucose in which linkage?

Answer 27

alpha (1,4)

Question 28

Amylopectin is D-glucose in which combo of linkages?

Answer 28

alpha (1,4) alpha (1,6)

Question 29

Where is glucose released from amylose?

Answer 29

non-reducing ends

Question 30

Are branches on a polysaccharide more or less efficeint?

Answer 30

more

Question 31

Location of examples of heteropolysaccharides: 1.) chondroitin sulfate: 2.) dermatan sulfate: 3.) heparin 4.) keratan sulfate 5.) hyaluronic acid

Answer 31

1.) cartilage, tendons, bone 2.) skin, blood vessels, heart valves 3.) mast cells, liver 4.) cornea, cartilage, iv disks 5.) synovial fluid, eye fluid

Question 32

In a GAG structure, what does the disaccharide unit composed of? (2)

Answer 32

1.) acidic sugar (usually glucuronic acid) 2.) amino sugar

Question 33

What is the oxidized form of glucose?

Answer 33

glucuronic acid

Question 34

What are the 2 amino sugar possibilities for a GAG?

Answer 34

1.) glucosamine 2.) galactosamine

Question 35

True or false. the disaccharide units of GAGs are often acetylated and sulfated

Answer 35

true

Question 36

In GAGs, which 2 groups have negative charges?

Answer 36

acid group sulfates

Question 37

What does the negative charge in a GAG do? (3)

Answer 37

1.) creates slippery texture and they slide past each other due to repulsion 2.) large volume 3.) resilience (can be squished or expanded)

Question 38

What do you get when you add mono, di, oligo, or polysaccharides to other molecules?

Answer 38

glycoconjugates

Question 39

How are carbs attached to proteins?

Answer 39

O- or N- glycosidic links

Question 40

In a glycoconjugate, which would be stronger, ionic linkage or covalent?

Answer 40

covalent

Question 41

Where are oligosaccarides often attached in a glycoconjugate?

Answer 41

OH of serine or threonine via N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)

Question 42

A carb can attach to a protein on asparagine R-group, where exactly? Via what?

Answer 42

N N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)

Question 43

______________consist of various GAGs (except hyaluronic acid) attached to core proteins via an O-glycosidic link

Answer 43

proteoglycans

Question 44

In proteoglycans where are the core proteins?

Answer 44

hyaluronic acid backbone

Question 45

Which is minimal in a proteoglycan, protein or carb?

Answer 45

protein

Question 46

If using a tree analogy of a proteoglycan, 1.) leaves 2.) branches 3.) trunk

Answer 46

1.) Gag chains 2.) core proteins 3.) hylauronic acid

Question 47

Where are proteoglycans located?

Answer 47

ECM

Question 48

What do PGs contribute to?

Answer 48

1.) support 2.) elasticity to tissues

Question 49

What is mucopolysaccaridosis?

Answer 49

genetic disease associated with defective proteoglycan metabolism

Question 50

What types of monosaccharides are commonly found in the mono, di, or oligosaccharide attachments?

Answer 50

N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, mannose, galactose

Question 51

What type of carbohydrate is not found on glycoproteins?

Answer 51

glucuronic acid, fructose

Question 52

Where are glycoproteins often found?

Answer 52

attached to membranes, projecting externally from the cell

Question 53

D-Glucose is a/n aldose or ketose? why?

Answer 53

aldose, aldehyde on C1

Question 54

D-fructose is a/n aldose or ketose? why?

Answer 54

ketose, ketone on C2

Question 55

What is a stereoisomer? What must it have?

Answer 55

same atoms in same order, but different spatial arrangement chiral carbon

Question 56

What kind of isomer is a mirror image (D or L based on position of OH group attached to chiral carbon, furthest from ald. or ket.)?

Answer 56

enantiomer

Question 57

What is a structural isomer?

Answer 57

Same atoms, but not in the same order

Question 58

What is a diastereomer?

Answer 58

stereoisomer that is NOT mirror images

Question 59

What is an epimer?

Answer 59

A diastereomer that differs at only 1 chiral carbon

Question 60

Is a diastereomer a stereoisomer?

Answer 60

Yes

Question 61

Is a diastereomer an epimer?

Answer 61

Can be, if it differs at only 1 chiral carbon

Question 62

What kind of isomer are both glucose and fructose?

Answer 62

structural isomers

Question 63

What kind of reaction is the conversion between glucose and fructose?

Answer 63

isomerization reaction

Question 64

What kind of reaction is the intramolecular shifting of bonds?

Answer 64

isomerization

Question 65

Can isomerization reactions create stereoisomers?

Answer 65

Yes

Question 66

__________ and ___________ are epimers of glucose.

Answer 66

mannose and galactose

Question 67

Stereoisomers can be _________ or ____________

Answer 67

diastereomers, enantiomers

Question 68

Any stereoisomer that is not an enantiomer is a _______________.

Answer 68

diastereomer

Question 69

When does a monosaccharide form cyclic structures?

Answer 69

When one of their alcohol (OH) groups reacts with teh aldehyde (or ketone) group

Question 70

Linear monosaccharides are only found when? What is this called?

Answer 70

interconverting between various cyclic forms mutarotation

Question 71

How is sorbitol created?

Answer 71

reduction of glucose

Question 72

What is the D-isomer of glucose?

Answer 72

dextrose

Question 73

Lactose is formed from _____ and _____.

Answer 73

glucose and galactose

Question 74

Maltose is formed from ____ and ______.

Answer 74

glucose and glucose

Question 75

sucrose is formed from _____ and ______.

Answer 75

glucose and fructose

Question 76

The D- isomer of fructose is what?

Answer 76

levulose

Question 77

D-fructose (levulose) is a ketohexose isomer of _______.

Answer 77

glucose

Question 78

What is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar?

Answer 78

fructose

Question 79

Galactose is a/an ________ of glucose.

Answer 79

epimer

Question 80

What is the structural difference between maltose and isomaltose?

Answer 80

glycosidic link

Question 81

What is common table sugar called?

Answer 81

sucrose

Question 82

Sucrose has a glycosidic bond linking the __________ carbons of both glucose and fructose. Sucrose has what glycosidic linkage?

Answer 82

anomeric alpha, beta (1--> 2)

Question 83

How many rings in furanose?

Answer 83

5