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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 monosaccharides

A

fructose, glucose, galactose

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2
Q

Name 3 disaccharides

A

sucrose, maltose, lactose

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3
Q

Where can oxidation occur in the carb. structure?

A

either terminal (CH2OH and/or aldehyde end)

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4
Q

Where can reduction happen in the carb. structure?

A

aldehyde end of straight chain

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5
Q

What is a reducing sugar? Common example?

A

a sugar that can reduce a wear oxidizing agent
glucose

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6
Q

What are any sugars capable of opening into the straight chain form?

A

reducing sugars

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7
Q

What has to be on the anomeric C1 carbon in order to be a reducing sugar?

A

Only an OH

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8
Q

In Benedict’s solution, what happens if reducing sugars are present in the urine?

A

the reagent turns reddish brown

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9
Q

What can sugar in the urine indicate?

A

presence of diabetes melitus

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10
Q

What does esterification typically involve?

A

the formation of phosphate or sulfate esters

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11
Q

What does adding a phosphate to a monosaccharide do for it?

A

Makes it more reactive
aid in trapping molecule in cell

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12
Q

Which monosaccharides are often found in the CT?

A

sulfated

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13
Q

What does the sulfated monosaccharide attract? What does this do?

A

attracts large amounts of water therefore,
makes CT less dense, occupies more space

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14
Q

What are sugars where the OH group on the anomeric carbon is replaced by an alcohol?

A

glycosides, forming a glycosidic link

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15
Q

What is a methylation reaction?

A

Methyl is added to either alpha or beta, locking hemiacetals into an acetal which is stable

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16
Q

What are 2 monosaccharide derivitives?

A

deoxy- sugars (ex. deoxyribose)
amino sugars (D- glucosamine)

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17
Q

What is a sugar that the OH group is replaced by an amino group, which may also be acetylated?

A

amino sugars (common in complex biomolecules)

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18
Q

What type of link joins a disaccharide?

A

glycosidic linkage

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19
Q

Where do the alpha and beta designations come from?

A

OH positions at C1 of the 1st and 2nd monosaccharide

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20
Q

Where does the numerical designation of a disaccharide come from?

A

the carbons associated with the glycosidic bond

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21
Q

A disaccharide is D- if what? L-?

A

If the hydroxyl group on the highest numbered chiral carbon is on the right side/ left side

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22
Q

_________ are small numbers (3-15) of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. __________ are larger.

A

oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

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23
Q

When oligosaccharides are linked to proteins and lipids, what are they called?

A

glycoconjugates

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24
Q

Reducing sugar?
1.) sucrose
2.) glucose
3.) fructose

A

1.) no
2.) yes
3.) yes

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25
Q

2 functions of homopolysaccharides? (chain of all the same monosaccharides) POLYsaccharides

A

1.) storage (starch, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen)
2.) structural ( cellulose)

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26
Q

1 function of heteropolysaccharides? (chain of 2 or more diff. monosacs.)

A

structural (GAGs)

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27
Q

Amylose in D-glucose in which linkage?

A

alpha (1,4)

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28
Q

Amylopectin is D-glucose in which combo of linkages?

A

alpha (1,4)
alpha (1,6)

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29
Q

Where is glucose released from amylose?

A

non-reducing ends

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30
Q

Are branches on a polysaccharide more or less efficeint?

A

more

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31
Q

Location of examples of heteropolysaccharides:
1.) chondroitin sulfate:
2.) dermatan sulfate:
3.) heparin
4.) keratan sulfate
5.) hyaluronic acid

A

1.) cartilage, tendons, bone
2.) skin, blood vessels, heart valves
3.) mast cells, liver
4.) cornea, cartilage, iv disks
5.) synovial fluid, eye fluid

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32
Q

In a GAG structure, what does the disaccharide unit composed of? (2)

A

1.) acidic sugar (usually glucuronic acid)
2.) amino sugar

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33
Q

What is the oxidized form of glucose?

A

glucuronic acid

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34
Q

What are the 2 amino sugar possibilities for a GAG?

A

1.) glucosamine
2.) galactosamine

35
Q

True or false. the disaccharide units of GAGs are often acetylated and sulfated

A

true

36
Q

In GAGs, which 2 groups have negative charges?

A

acid group
sulfates

37
Q

What does the negative charge in a GAG do? (3)

A

1.) creates slippery texture and they slide past each other due to repulsion
2.) large volume
3.) resilience (can be squished or expanded)

38
Q

What do you get when you add mono, di, oligo, or polysaccharides to other molecules?

A

glycoconjugates

39
Q

How are carbs attached to proteins?

A

O- or N- glycosidic links

40
Q

In a glycoconjugate, which would be stronger, ionic linkage or covalent?

A

covalent

41
Q

Where are oligosaccarides often attached in a glycoconjugate?

A

OH of serine or threonine via N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)

42
Q

A carb can attach to a protein on asparagine R-group, where exactly? Via what?

A

N
N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)

43
Q

______________consist of various GAGs (except hyaluronic acid) attached to core proteins via an O-glycosidic link

A

proteoglycans

44
Q

In proteoglycans where are the core proteins?

A

hyaluronic acid backbone

45
Q

Which is minimal in a proteoglycan, protein or carb?

A

protein

46
Q

If using a tree analogy of a proteoglycan,
1.) leaves
2.) branches
3.) trunk

A

1.) Gag chains
2.) core proteins
3.) hylauronic acid

47
Q

Where are proteoglycans located?

A

ECM

48
Q

What do PGs contribute to?

A

1.) support
2.) elasticity to tissues

49
Q

What is mucopolysaccaridosis?

A

genetic disease associated with defective proteoglycan metabolism

50
Q

What types of monosaccharides are commonly found in the mono, di, or oligosaccharide attachments?

A

N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, mannose, galactose

51
Q

What type of carbohydrate is not found on glycoproteins?

A

glucuronic acid, fructose

52
Q

Where are glycoproteins often found?

A

attached to membranes, projecting externally from the cell

53
Q

D-Glucose is a/n aldose or ketose? why?

A

aldose, aldehyde on C1

54
Q

D-fructose is a/n aldose or ketose? why?

A

ketose, ketone on C2

55
Q

What is a stereoisomer? What must it have?

A

same atoms in same order, but different spatial arrangement

chiral carbon

56
Q

What kind of isomer is a mirror image (D or L based on position of OH group attached to chiral carbon, furthest from ald. or ket.)?

A

enantiomer

57
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Same atoms, but not in the same order

58
Q

What is a diastereomer?

A

stereoisomer that is NOT mirror images

59
Q

What is an epimer?

A

A diastereomer that differs at only 1 chiral carbon

60
Q

Is a diastereomer a stereoisomer?

A

Yes

61
Q

Is a diastereomer an epimer?

A

Can be, if it differs at only 1 chiral carbon

62
Q

What kind of isomer are both glucose and fructose?

A

structural isomers

63
Q

What kind of reaction is the conversion between glucose and fructose?

A

isomerization reaction

64
Q

What kind of reaction is the intramolecular shifting of bonds?

A

isomerization

65
Q

Can isomerization reactions create stereoisomers?

A

Yes

66
Q

__________ and ___________ are epimers of glucose.

A

mannose and galactose

67
Q

Stereoisomers can be _________ or ____________

A

diastereomers, enantiomers

68
Q

Any stereoisomer that is not an enantiomer is a _______________.

A

diastereomer

69
Q

When does a monosaccharide form cyclic structures?

A

When one of their alcohol (OH) groups reacts with teh aldehyde (or ketone) group

70
Q

Linear monosaccharides are only found when? What is this called?

A

interconverting between various cyclic forms
mutarotation

71
Q

How is sorbitol created?

A

reduction of glucose

72
Q

What is the D-isomer of glucose?

A

dextrose

73
Q

Lactose is formed from _____ and _____.

A

glucose and galactose

74
Q

Maltose is formed from ____ and ______.

A

glucose and glucose

75
Q

sucrose is formed from _____ and ______.

A

glucose and fructose

76
Q

The D- isomer of fructose is what?

A

levulose

77
Q

D-fructose (levulose) is a ketohexose isomer of _______.

A

glucose

78
Q

What is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar?

A

fructose

79
Q

Galactose is a/an ________ of glucose.

A

epimer

80
Q

What is the structural difference between maltose and isomaltose?

A

glycosidic link

81
Q

What is common table sugar called?

A

sucrose

82
Q

Sucrose has a glycosidic bond linking the __________ carbons of both glucose and fructose. Sucrose has what glycosidic linkage?

A

anomeric
alpha, beta (1–> 2)

83
Q

How many rings in furanose?

A

5

Biochemistry (14 decks)

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