Metabolic Rate (After Midterm) Flashcards
what is the oxygen transport system
pulmonary ventilation
hemoglobin concentration
blood volume and cardiac output
peripheral blood flow
aerobic metabolism
what are cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training over a prolonged period of time
increase ejection
increase contractility
increased blood volume
what are the two types of muscle fibers
slow twitch
fast twitch
what are slow twitch fibers (what type is it)
type 1
low glycolytic capacity
aerobic capacity
30-40% increase in enzyme concentration in krebs cycle and beta oxidation
capillary density
what are fast twitch fibers
type 2
atp and cp concentration are about 60-70% . type 2
higher rates of atp production are aided by about 30% . mak ck
what is the difference between type 2a and type 2x
type 2a
- med glycolytic and aerobic capacity
- fast oxidative glycolytic
type 2x
- highest glycolytic capacity
- fast glycolytic
muscle fiber and MHC are not the only factors that influence muscle performance
if endurance is the goal, MHC it would be ideal if all else was equal
if speed was the goal, MHC 2a or 2x would be ideal if all else was equal
an unequal state would be (how it affects how efficient their running is)
- biomechanics of movement
bigger motor nerons
turn on slower
if you want maximal force of a muscle what motor nerons do you want
a massive rate coding of ALL motor neurons
if you want to create force in a motor unit and fire one motor neuron then
it is an all or none principle they all turn on
trainability of aerobic system at the muscle level
oxygen utilization
after training
- krebs cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase increases 133%!
- muscle fibers fast twitch has a small decrease and the slow twitch has a small increase
- glycolytic enzymes PFK has no change but phosphorylase increases 60%
- and mitochondria number increases 103% and the volume increases 272%
what are the three methods to determine the human energy expenditure
direct and indirect calorimetry
doubly labeled water
heart rate
all of the bodys metabolic processes result in ___ production
heat
the rate of heat production operationally defines the rate of
energy metabolism
what is the basic unit of heat measurement
calorie
what are the direct calorimetry methods
human calorimetry airflow calorimetry water flow calorimetry gradient layer calorimetry storage calorimetry
why is the direct calorimetry not practical
large expense and resource
indirect calorimetry as a closed system is used how
all energy releasing reactions in humans depend on oxygen use, so measuring oxygen consumption during physical activities provides an indirect yet accurate estimate of energy expenditure
participant breaths into and out of a closed system
- breath in 100% o2 from container (spirometer)
- canister of soda lime absorbs co2
- revolving drum; records o2 removed
indirect calorimetry as an open system works how
ambient air
- 20.93% oxygen
- o.o3% carbon dioxide
- 79.04% nitrogen
factors
- volume
composition
3 techniques
- bag technique
- computerized instrumentation (met cart)
- portable spirometry
what is the bag technique
an indirect open system calorimetry technique used how
air is collected in a large bag (douglas bag)
small saple is measured for gas concentrations
what is the portable spirometry
an indirect open system calorimetry technique
spirometer is small and is carries in a pack
air volume is metered
sample is collected to measure concentrations of gases
what is the RER
the respiratory exchange ratio is the ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide produced in metabolism and oxygen used to create energy from lipid and CHO fuel sources in the body
RQ is equal to
co2 eliminated / o2 consumed
the respiratory exchange ratio reflects the ratio of co2 produced to o2 consumed when factors other then food combustion alter the
exchange of 02 and co2 in the lungs as the ratio of gas exchange no longer reflects only the substrate mixture pf energy metabolism
(computed the same as RQ)
what is the RQ
the respiratory quotient
carb fat and protein require different amounts of 02 for complete oxidation of each molecules carbon and hydrogen atoms to the CO2 and water end products
describes the ratio of metabolic gas exchange
what is the RQ for carbs
1
because gas exchange during glucose oxidation produces a number of co2 molecules equal to the number of o2 molecules consumed
what is fats RQ
0.70
because fat catabolism requires more o2 in relation to co2 production
protein RQ
0.82
because proteins require more oxygen in relation to carbon dioxide produced
what is the doubly labeled water technique
to estimate total daily expenditure in free living conditions
what is the procedure of doubly labeled water
participant consumes water with a known concentration of stable isotopes of hydrogen and o2
labelled hydrogen leaves the body in sweat, urine, and pulmonary water vapor, labeled 02 leaves as both water and co2
differences between elimination rates of isotopes relative to the bodys normal levels estimate total co2 production
what does the doubly labeled water technique provide
an ideal way to asses total energy expenditure over prolonged periods including bed rest and extreme activities
what are the draw backs from doubly labeled water
include the cost of the water and expense incurred in spectrometric analysis of both isotopes
provides data within 3-5% compared to directly measured energy expenditure in controlled settings
how does the heart rate to estimate energy expenditure work
heart rate and oxygen consumption relate linearly over a large range of exercise intensities so the exercise HR provides an estimate of oxygen consumption and thus energy expenditure during aerobic exercise
what is one problem with heart rate to estimate energy expenditure
one major problem is the degree of similarity between the laboratory exercise test to establish the HR-V.O2 line and specific activities to which it applies
what are factors other then oxygen consumption that influence exercise HR response
environmental temperature emotions previous food intake body position muscle groups exercised continuous or discontinuous exercise whether muscles act statically or dynamically
what are the total daily energy expenditure components
thermic effect of feeding
- 10%
- food intake cold stress
- obligatory/facultative thermogenesis
thermic effect of physical activity
- 15-30%
duration/intensity/occupation/home/sport
resting metabolic rate
- 60-75%
- fat free body mass gender thyroid hormones protein turnover
what Is basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the minimum level of energy to sustain vital functions in the waking state
reflects the bodys total heat production
what is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)
always slightly higher than BMR depending on body size, muscle mass, age, health/fitness status, hormonal status, and body temperature
BMR and RMR refers to the
sum of metabolic processes of active cell mass required to sustain normal regulatory balance and body functions during the basal or less stringent resting state
what is the surface area law of BMR and RMR
BMR and RMR should be expressed by body surface area per hour to acknowledge the fundamental relationship between heat production and body size
females have ____ % lower rate then males of the same age because
5-10%
because women possess less fat-free mass
challenges in body composition
either a decrease in FFM and or increase in body fat, help to explain the 2-3% per decade BMR reduction observed for adults
increases in body mass raise the
energy expended in many activities especially weight bearing
with weight supported exercise the influence of body mass on energy cost ____ considerably
decreases
for overweight persons weight bearing exercise generates a considerable
caloric expenditure from the added cost of transporting a heavier body weight
expressing energy cost per kg of body mass reduces differences between
individuals regardless of age race gender and body mass
what are the 5 factors that affect total daily energy expenditure
physical activity diet-induced thermogenesis calorigenic effects of food on exercise metabolism climate pregnancy
what exerts by far the most profound effect on human energy expenditure
physical activity
what affects factors in addition to body composition to stimulate resting metabolism
regular exercise
___ and ____ offsets the decrease in resting metabolism that usually accompanies aging
regular endurance
resistance training
each 1 pound gain in FFM increases RMR by ___ to ___ kCal daily
7-10
food consumption ___ energy metabolism
increases
thermic effect of food reaches a maximum within ____ following a meal
1 hour
overweight individuals often have a blunted thermic response to eating that contributes to
excess body fat
diet induced thermogenesis two types
obligatory thermogenesis
facultative thermogenesis
what is obligatory thermogenesis
energy required to digest absorb and assimilate food nutrients
what is facultative thermogenesis
activation of the sympathetic nervous system and its stimulating influence on metabolic rate
what is the calorgenic effect of food on exercise metabolism
the calorigenic effect of food on exercise metabolism nearly doubles the foods thermic effect at rest
DIT (diet induced thermogenesis) is greater for ___and __ then it is for ___
carbs and proteins then it is for lipids
for most individuals it seems reasonable to encourage moderate exercise after eating to possible augment a diet induced increase in
caloric expenditure for weight control
RMR of people in tropical climate averages about ___% (higher or lower?) then for those living in more temperate areas
5-20% higher
exercise performed in hot weather causes about ___% higher ___ consumption
5% oxygen consumption
results from thermogenic effect of an elevated core temperature, additional energy from
sweat gland activity and altered circulatory dynamics
cold environments can ___ energy metabolism during rest and exercise
increase
magnitude of the cold effect depends largely on _____ content and effectiveness of the clothing ensemble
body fat
the added energy cost to weight bearing locomotion during pregnancy results primarily from
additional weight transported
reduced economy of effort from encumbrance of fetal tissue
what are METS
energy cost of activities
multiples of the RMR
one met equals resting oxygen consumption or _____mL.min for men and ___mL.min for women
250
200
exercise at 2 mets requires ___ the resting metabolism, exercise at 3 mets requires ___ the resting metabolism and so on
2 times
3times
to consider variations in body size one should express the MET
in terms of oxygen consumption per unit body bass
what does 1 met equal per unit body mass
3.5 mL.kg.min
how are physical activities classified by energy expenditures
intensity (it requires the same net number of calories to complete a marathon at various times)
duration (2 people of equal fitness run at the same speed but one runs twice as long as the other)
physical activity ratio is
classifies work by the ratio of energy needed for task to resting energy requirement
give examples of the physical activity ratio
light work= up to 3 times the resting requirement
heavy work = 6-8 times resting metabolism
maximal work = 9 tomes or more above rest
how many mets is required to:
sweep garden play with dog wash car play with kids move furnature
3.3 4 4 4.5 5 6
gross net vs net energy expenditure
net energy expenditure is the true energy expenditure of an activity
net energy expenditure = gross energy expenditure - resting energy expenditure
activities with considerable variations in pace such as tennis soccer or basketball require more frequent measures for accurate estimates of total energy expenditure
the energy required to maintain a constant velocity of movement is called
economy of movement
what does the economy of movement require
evaluation of the oxygen consumed during exercises at a constant power output or velocity
only applies to steady rate exercise where oxygen consumption closely mirrors energy expenditure
takes on added importance during longer-duration exercise
what relates the amount of energy required to perform a particular task to the actual energy requirement of the work accomplished
mechanical efficiency
what does the mechanical efficiency reflect
the percentage of total chemical energy expended that contributes to external work, with the remainder lost as heat
mechanical efficiency % =
external work accomplished / energy expenditure x 100
efficiency of humans for mechanical work is below
100%
the energy required to overcome internal and external friction is the largest affecting factor of
humans efficiency for mechanical work
what does human efficiency average between for walking running and stationary cycling
20-25%
falls less then 20% for activities with substantial drag force
body size gender fitness level and skill affect individual differences in
mechanical efficiency
the relationship between walking speed and oxygen consumption is ____ between speeds of 1.9-3.1mph
linear
at faster speeds of 1.9-3,1mph walking economy ____ the relationship curves upward with a disproportionate increase in energy expenditure with increasing speed
decreases
factors that affect energy expenditure during walking are
body mass
terrain and walking surface
downhill walking
footwear and other distal leg loads
the economy of walking faster then 8 km.h equals only
one half the economy for running at the same speed
achieve high yet uneconomical rates of movement, unattainable with conventional walking with a distinctive modified walking technique that
constrains the athlete to certain movement patterns regardless of walking speed
independent of fitness it becomes more economical to
discontinue walking and begin running at speeds above about 8km.h
exercise oxygen consumption equation
VO2 =
resting component (3.5mLO2.kg.min)
+
horizontal component times (speed x oxygen consumption of horizontal movement)
+
vertical component times (percentage grade x speed x oxygen consumption of verticle movement)
what is the horizontal and verticle components of walking and of running
walking =
horizontal = 0.1
verticle = 1.8
running =
horizontal = 0.2
verticle = 0.9
the total energy requirement for running a given distance is about
the same regardless of speed at reasonable intensities
for example
running a mile at 10mph requires 2x the energy per minute as running 5mph but at 10mph completing the mile takes 6 minutes while at 5 mph it takes 2x as long so the net energy expenditure to run the mile remains about the same
equivalent energy expenditure per mile occur for horizontal running and at grades from
-45%+15%
during horizontal running the net energy expenditure per Kg of body mass per km traveled averages
1 kCal
the energy expenditure per mile increases proportionately with
body mass
supports the role of weight bearing exercise as additional caloric stressor for overweight persons who should increase daily energy expenditure for weight loss
one can increase running speed in three ways
increase the number of steps each minute (stride frequency)
increase the distance between steps (stride length)
increase both the length and frequency of strides
as a general rule running speed increases mainly by
lengthening the stride; at faster speeds stride frequency becomes important
optimum stride length: each person runs at a constant speed with an optimum combination of
stride length
stride frequency
what does optimum stride length depend on
the persons mechanics of running and cannot be
energy expenditure increases more for ___ than for ___ in optimum stride length
overstriding than for understriding
well trained runners should run at the stride length ___
that they have selected through years of running which reflects an individuals unique body size, inertia of limb segments and anatomic development
children are less economical runners than adults and they require ___% more oxygen per unit body mass to run at a particular speed
20-30%
adult models to predict energy expenditure during weight bearing locomotion fails to account for
the increased energy expenditures in children and adolescents
the increased energy expenditure is attributed to a larger ratio of
surface area to body mass, greater stride frequencies, and shorter stride lengths and to differences in anthropometric variables and body mechanics that reduce movement economy
effect of air resistance on energy expenditure of running varies with
air density
runners projected surface area
square of running velocity
depending on speed, overcoming air resistance requires
3-9% of the total energy expenditure of running in calm air
the energy expenditure of cutting through a headwind exceeds the
reduced oxygen consumption with an equivalent wind velocity at ones back
clothing modification or trimming ones hair improves
aerodynamics and reduces the effects of air resistance up to 6%
wind velocity has less effect on energy expenditure at
higher altitudes than at sea level because of the lower air density at higher elevations
are there measurable differences in the energy requirements of submaximal running on the treadmill and track, either on level or up grade, or between the VO2 max in both exercise modes
NO
at the faster speeds achieved by elite endurance runners the impact of air resistance on a calm day ____ oxygen consumption in track running compared with treadmill running at the same fast speed
increases
expenditure of energy to maintain buoyancy while simultaneously generating horizontal movement in swimming by using
arms and legs is different then running
overcoming ____ that impede a swimmers forward movement is one of the differences between swimming and running
drag forces
amount of drag depends on fluid medium and swimmers size shape and velocity
lower mechanical efficiency makes the energy expenditure during swimming a given distance average about ____ more then the energy expenditure running the same distance
4x
what are the three total drag force components when swimming
wave drag
skin friction drag
viscous pressure drag
what is wave drag
caused by waves that build up in front of and form hollows behind the swimmer moving through the water
what is skin friction drag
produced as water slides over the skin surface
what is viscous pressure drag
caused by the pressure differential created in front of and behind the swimmer, which substantially counters propulsive efforts at slow velocities
elite swimmers swim a particular stroke at a given velocity with ___ oxygen consumption than relatively untrained or recreational swimmers
lower
highly skilled swimmers use more of the energy they generate per stroke to over come ___ so they cover greater distance per stroke than less skilled swimmers who waste considerable energy ineffectively moving water
drag forces
what are ways to reduce drag force when swimming
as velocity increases above 0.8m.s drag decreases by supporting the legs with a floatation device that places the body in a more hydrodynamically desirable horizontal position
variations in swimsuit designs tend to reduce overall drag which should cover the shoulder to either the ankle or knee
regardless of swimming speed the highest oxygen consumptions occur in ____water because the body begins to
cold
because the body begins to shiver to regulate core temperature
for individuals of average body composition optimal water temperature for competitive swimming ranges between
28-30 degrees Celsius
women gain a hydrodynamic lift and expend less energy to stay afloat then men because
they have higher body fat percentage
women/men??? achieve higher swimming velocities than women/men??? at the same energy expenditure
women
men
women have a greater peripheral body fat distribution which causes their
legs and arms to float relatively high in water making them more streamlined
enhanced floatation and the females smaller body size does what
reduces drag and contributes to the gender difference in swimming economy
while some individuals who score well on one power performance test tend to score well on another test, generally there is a ___ relationship between scores on different tests for different parameters of performance
poor
factors to explain low relationships among test scores
human exercise performance remains highly task specific
each specific test requires different neuromuscular and skill components that introduce variability and specificity into test scores
performance tests that maximally activate the ATP-PCr energy system serve as
practical field tests to evaluate the capacity for immediate energy transfer
assumptions in the use of performance test scores are
all ATP at maximal power output regenerates via ATP-PCr hydrolysis
adequate ATP and PCr exist to support maximal performance for about 6 seconds duration
power tests measure brief maximal exercise capacity when P=
(FD) / T
what are types of performance tests for the immediate energy system
stair-sprinting power tests
jumping-power tests
any all-out exercise oc 6-8seconds sprint running or cycling brief shuttle runs and localized movements produced by arm cranking
measures that evaluate energy generating capacity of the immediate energy system
size of the intramuscular ATP-PCr pool
depletion rates of ATP and PCr in all out, short duration exercise
ATP and PCr depletion rates provide what
the most direct estimate and correlate highly with physical performance assessments of the immediate energy system
it is nearly impossible to readily obtain precise biomechanical data during
all out exercise of brief duration
blood lactate level provides the most common indicator of activation of the __system
short term energy system
no specific criteria exists to indicate that a person has attained maximal anaerobic effort but ____ greatly influence performance, and performance test scores show good ___
self motivation and testing environment greatly influence
reproducibility from day to day
what is one way to test the high energy phosphate power output
margaria kalamen
what is the margaria kalamen
variables
- mass of the subject
- height of stairs
- time between stairs
procedure
- run up six stairs two at a time
- start time on the 2nd step end on the 6th
calculations
- absolute and relative anaerobic power
performances that activate the short term energy system require
maximal exercise up to 3 minutes
all out runs stationary cycling shuttle runs and repetitive weight lifting of a certain percentage of maximum capacity
the influence of age gender skill motivation and body size creates
difficulty selecting a suitable criterion test or developing appropriate norms
for anaerobic power performance tests the performance test must
closely resemble the activity that requires energy capacity assessment
the wingate test is an example of what type of test
anaerobic power performance test
what is the wingate and what does it assume
involves 30 seconds of supermaximal exercise on either an arm crank or leg cycle erogometer
assumes that peak power output reflects the energy generating capacity of the high energy phosphates while average power reflects glycolytic capacity
body mass determines resistance to pealing
children preform ___ on wingate test compared with adolescents and young adults
poorly
why do children preform poorly on wingate test compared with adolescents and young adults
lower intramuscular glycogen concentrations poorer motivation and a slower rate of glycogen hydrolysis
available evidence indicates a biologic gender difference in ____ exercise capacity due to what
anaerobic
body mass active muscle mass fat free body mass relative area and metabolic capacity of the fast-twitch fiber type responses to catecholamine in exercise
what are some biologic indicators for anaerobic power
blood lactate levels
glycogen depletion
how does blood lactate levels indicate anaerobic power
lactate measured during or following exercise does not necessarily reflect absolute levels of anaerobic energy transfer via glycolysis
with increasing exercise intensity greater lactate production reflects increasing ATP resynthesis from anaerobic pathways
anaerobic glycolysis and PCr degradation provides about __% of the total energy yield for __seconds of all out exercise with aerobic pathways generating the remaining energy
70
30
how does glycogen depletion become a biologic indicator for anaerobic power
the pattern of glycogen depletion reveals the glycolytic contribution to exercise because glycogen stored in specific muscles activated by exercise powers the short term energy system
___ provides the most rapid phosphorylation of ATP of the three macronutrients and serves as the only stored macronutrient that anaerobically resynthesizes ATP
glycogen
maximally accumulated oxygen deficit provides another indirect measure of _____
anaerobic metabolic capacity
maximally accumulated oxygen deficit calculates as the difference between the predicted submaximal oxygen comsumption from the
exercise intensity-oxygen consumption relationship and oxygen consumption measured during a 2-3 minute all out treadmill run to fatigue
maximally accumulated oxygen deficit demonstrates ___ from aerobic energy estimates and differentiates between ___and ___ trained individuals and remains unchanged with high intensity exercise of varying durations
independence
aerobically and anaerobically
factors that contribute to differences among individuals in capacity to generate short term anaerobic energy are
effects of previous training
capacity to buffer acid metabolites
motivation
aerobic energy can be connected to the principle of the ____equation
fick
what is the principle of the fick equation
if you know the average difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood (a-vo2 difference) and how much oxygen was utilized by that working muscle (Vo2) then the only thing not known is how much blood was delivered to the working muscle to supply that amount of oxygen
aerobic energy determinants of endurance performance are
blood flow (usually measured as cardiac output) V.O2max, improved capillary density enzymes mitochondrial size and number and muscle fiber type
VO2max is a fundamental measure of ______ because it provides important information about the capacity of the ___ energy system
physiologic functional capacity for exercise
long term energy system
attaining a high VO2max requires integration of high levels of
pulmonary cardiovascular and neuromuscular function
vo2max is defined as
the maximal oxygen consumption achieved with increasing exercise intensity. a leveling off of the oxygen consumption with increasing exercise intensity is required to identify the VO2max
what is the secondary criteria to identify VO2max and what is the primary criteria
a leveling off of the oxygen consumption with increasing exercise intensity is the primary criteria
attainment of the age predicted maximum heart rate or a respiratory exchange ration > 1.15
what is VO2 peak
highest value of oxygen consumption measured during a graded exercise test. this is the correct term to use when levelling off of the oxygen consumption with increasing exercise intensity is not observed
maximal oxygen consumption tests usually include
treadmill running or walking bench stepping and stationary cycling, others include swimming swim bench ergometry in line skating roller skiing simulated arm leg climbing rowing ice skating arm crank and wheelchair exercise
how long are maximal oxygen consumption tests
can be a single 3-5 minute supramaximal effort or progressive increments in effort
subject terminates the test because they may not be influenced by motivational factors that do not reflect physiologic train, bringing the subject to vo2max or vo2peak often requires
considerable urging and prodding
types of maximal oxygen consumption test protocols are
continuous= progressively increasing exercise increments without recovery or rest intervals
provides a practical test of aerobic capacity for most healthy individuals
total time for the test should be 8-10 mins
discontinuous= progressively increasing exercise increments interspersed with recovery intervals
total time for the test averages 65 mins
both yield similar VO2max
what are 6 commonly used treadmill protocols to assess oxygen consumption
Naughton test astrand test bruce test balke test ellestad test harbor test
what are factors that affect maximal oxygen consumption
mode of exercise genetics state of training gender/sex body size and composition age
the sex based differences in vo2 between males and females occur due to
differences in body composition where higher muscle mass contributes to higher vo2
age tends to ___VO2 however that relationship is due to changes in muscle mass and cardiovascular function over time due to detraining
reduce
exercise training can prevent what
a decline or at least slow the progression of the aging induced decline in VO2
submaximal exercise testing to predict vo2max from walking/running or heart rate during or immediately post exercise is important because direct measurements
require an extensive laboratory specialized equipment considerable subject effort and motivation and could be risky to adults who do not have proper medical clearance and supervision
all predictions of submaximal test to predict aerobic capacity have a standard error of estimate (SEE) that states
larger error equals a less useful predicted score
without knowing the magnitude of the SEE the usefulness of a predicted score is unknown
aerobic capacity prediction tests endurance runs assumes
a persons ability to maintain a high stead-rate oxygen consumption largely determines the distance run over at least 5 mins duration
vo2max predictions based on running performance should be viewed with caution:
a consistent level of motivation and effective pacing is critical with inexperienced subjects
body mass and fatness running economy and % of aerobic capacity sustained without blood lactate buildup all contribute to successful running
SEE averages about ___% of the predicted value
8-10%
maximum 1-mile run or walk times serve only limited use for vo2max prediction in growing children because
the age-related exercise performance improvements in youth relate poorly to changes in aerobic capacity
the largest contributions to test scores improvement in children as they grow old result from
increased percentage of VO2max sustained during the exercise and improved running economy
both factors contribute substantially to faster times independent of any improvement in vo2max
there is a __ relationship between HR and oxygen consumption (VO2) during increasing intensities of light to relatively intense aerobic exercise
linear
the slope of the line to describe the HR-Vo2 relationship reflects the
adequacy of cardiovascular response and aerobic fitness capacity
the VO2 max is estimated by drawing a ____ through several submaximal points that relate heart rate and oxygen consumption the HR-Vo2 line is then extended to an assumed maximum heart rate for the subjects age
a best fit straight line
assumptions that affect the accuracy of the VO2 max prediction from submaximal exercise heart rate is
linearity of heart rate-oxygen consumption relationship
similar maximum heart rates for all subjects
assumed constant economy and mechanical efficiency during exercise
day to day heart rate variation
vo2 max predicted from submaximal heart rate generally falls within ___% of the persons actual VO2max
10-20%
SEE equals
+- 3.44mL O2 min
data to predict VO2max from nonexercised data is
sex female = 0 male = 1
body mas index
physical rating- point vaulue of 0-10 represents physical activity for previous 6 months
perceived functional ability - sum of point values for current level of perceived functional ability
VO2max=
44.895+(7.042xsex)-(0.823xBMI) + (0.738xPFA) + (0.688xPA-R)
