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Exercise Physiology > Metabolic Rate (After Midterm) > Flashcards

Metabolic Rate (After Midterm) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the oxygen transport system

A

pulmonary ventilation

hemoglobin concentration

blood volume and cardiac output

peripheral blood flow

aerobic metabolism

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2
Q

what are cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training over a prolonged period of time

A

increase ejection

increase contractility

increased blood volume

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3
Q

what are the two types of muscle fibers

A

slow twitch

fast twitch

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4
Q

what are slow twitch fibers (what type is it)

A

type 1

low glycolytic capacity
aerobic capacity
30-40% increase in enzyme concentration in krebs cycle and beta oxidation
capillary density

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5
Q

what are fast twitch fibers

A

type 2

atp and cp concentration are about 60-70% . type 2
higher rates of atp production are aided by about 30% . mak ck

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6
Q

what is the difference between type 2a and type 2x

A

type 2a

  • med glycolytic and aerobic capacity
  • fast oxidative glycolytic

type 2x

  • highest glycolytic capacity
  • fast glycolytic
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7
Q

muscle fiber and MHC are not the only factors that influence muscle performance

A

if endurance is the goal, MHC it would be ideal if all else was equal

if speed was the goal, MHC 2a or 2x would be ideal if all else was equal

an unequal state would be (how it affects how efficient their running is)
- biomechanics of movement

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8
Q

bigger motor nerons

A

turn on slower

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9
Q

if you want maximal force of a muscle what motor nerons do you want

A

a massive rate coding of ALL motor neurons

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10
Q

if you want to create force in a motor unit and fire one motor neuron then

A

it is an all or none principle they all turn on

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11
Q

trainability of aerobic system at the muscle level

A

oxygen utilization

after training

  • krebs cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase increases 133%!
  • muscle fibers fast twitch has a small decrease and the slow twitch has a small increase
  • glycolytic enzymes PFK has no change but phosphorylase increases 60%
  • and mitochondria number increases 103% and the volume increases 272%
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12
Q

what are the three methods to determine the human energy expenditure

A

direct and indirect calorimetry

doubly labeled water

heart rate

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13
Q

all of the bodys metabolic processes result in ___ production

A

heat

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14
Q

the rate of heat production operationally defines the rate of

A

energy metabolism

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15
Q

what is the basic unit of heat measurement

A

calorie

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16
Q

what are the direct calorimetry methods

A 
human calorimetry 
airflow calorimetry 
water flow calorimetry 
gradient layer calorimetry
storage calorimetry
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17
Q

why is the direct calorimetry not practical

A

large expense and resource

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18
Q

indirect calorimetry as a closed system is used how

A

all energy releasing reactions in humans depend on oxygen use, so measuring oxygen consumption during physical activities provides an indirect yet accurate estimate of energy expenditure

participant breaths into and out of a closed system

  • breath in 100% o2 from container (spirometer)
  • canister of soda lime absorbs co2
  • revolving drum; records o2 removed
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19
Q

indirect calorimetry as an open system works how

A

ambient air

  • 20.93% oxygen
  • o.o3% carbon dioxide
  • 79.04% nitrogen

factors
- volume
composition

3 techniques

  • bag technique
  • computerized instrumentation (met cart)
  • portable spirometry
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20
Q

what is the bag technique

A

an indirect open system calorimetry technique used how

air is collected in a large bag (douglas bag)
small saple is measured for gas concentrations

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21
Q

what is the portable spirometry

A

an indirect open system calorimetry technique

spirometer is small and is carries in a pack
air volume is metered
sample is collected to measure concentrations of gases

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22
Q

what is the RER

A

the respiratory exchange ratio is the ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide produced in metabolism and oxygen used to create energy from lipid and CHO fuel sources in the body

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23
Q

RQ is equal to

A

co2 eliminated / o2 consumed

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24
Q

the respiratory exchange ratio reflects the ratio of co2 produced to o2 consumed when factors other then food combustion alter the

A

exchange of 02 and co2 in the lungs as the ratio of gas exchange no longer reflects only the substrate mixture pf energy metabolism
(computed the same as RQ)

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25
Q

what is the RQ

A

the respiratory quotient

carb fat and protein require different amounts of 02 for complete oxidation of each molecules carbon and hydrogen atoms to the CO2 and water end products

describes the ratio of metabolic gas exchange

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26
Q

what is the RQ for carbs

A

1
because gas exchange during glucose oxidation produces a number of co2 molecules equal to the number of o2 molecules consumed

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27
Q

what is fats RQ

A

0.70

because fat catabolism requires more o2 in relation to co2 production

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28
Q

protein RQ

A

0.82

because proteins require more oxygen in relation to carbon dioxide produced

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29
Q

what is the doubly labeled water technique

A

to estimate total daily expenditure in free living conditions

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30
Q

what is the procedure of doubly labeled water

A

participant consumes water with a known concentration of stable isotopes of hydrogen and o2
labelled hydrogen leaves the body in sweat, urine, and pulmonary water vapor, labeled 02 leaves as both water and co2
differences between elimination rates of isotopes relative to the bodys normal levels estimate total co2 production

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31
Q

what does the doubly labeled water technique provide

A

an ideal way to asses total energy expenditure over prolonged periods including bed rest and extreme activities

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32
Q

what are the draw backs from doubly labeled water

A

include the cost of the water and expense incurred in spectrometric analysis of both isotopes
provides data within 3-5% compared to directly measured energy expenditure in controlled settings

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33
Q

how does the heart rate to estimate energy expenditure work

A

heart rate and oxygen consumption relate linearly over a large range of exercise intensities so the exercise HR provides an estimate of oxygen consumption and thus energy expenditure during aerobic exercise

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34
Q

what is one problem with heart rate to estimate energy expenditure

A

one major problem is the degree of similarity between the laboratory exercise test to establish the HR-V.O2 line and specific activities to which it applies

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35
Q

what are factors other then oxygen consumption that influence exercise HR response

A 
environmental temperature
emotions
previous food intake
body position 
muscle groups exercised
continuous or discontinuous exercise
whether muscles act statically or dynamically
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36
Q

what are the total daily energy expenditure components

A

thermic effect of feeding

  • 10%
  • food intake cold stress
  • obligatory/facultative thermogenesis

thermic effect of physical activity
- 15-30%
duration/intensity/occupation/home/sport

resting metabolic rate

  • 60-75%
  • fat free body mass gender thyroid hormones protein turnover
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37
Q

what Is basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

the minimum level of energy to sustain vital functions in the waking state
reflects the bodys total heat production

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38
Q

what is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)

A

always slightly higher than BMR depending on body size, muscle mass, age, health/fitness status, hormonal status, and body temperature

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39
Q

BMR and RMR refers to the

A

sum of metabolic processes of active cell mass required to sustain normal regulatory balance and body functions during the basal or less stringent resting state

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40
Q

what is the surface area law of BMR and RMR

A

BMR and RMR should be expressed by body surface area per hour to acknowledge the fundamental relationship between heat production and body size

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41
Q

females have ____ % lower rate then males of the same age because

A

5-10%

because women possess less fat-free mass

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42
Q

challenges in body composition

A

either a decrease in FFM and or increase in body fat, help to explain the 2-3% per decade BMR reduction observed for adults

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43
Q

increases in body mass raise the

A

energy expended in many activities especially weight bearing

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44
Q

with weight supported exercise the influence of body mass on energy cost ____ considerably

A

decreases

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45
Q

for overweight persons weight bearing exercise generates a considerable

A

caloric expenditure from the added cost of transporting a heavier body weight

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46
Q

expressing energy cost per kg of body mass reduces differences between

A

individuals regardless of age race gender and body mass

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47
Q

what are the 5 factors that affect total daily energy expenditure

A 
physical activity
diet-induced thermogenesis 
calorigenic effects of food on exercise metabolism 
climate 
pregnancy
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48
Q

what exerts by far the most profound effect on human energy expenditure

A

physical activity

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49
Q

what affects factors in addition to body composition to stimulate resting metabolism

A

regular exercise

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50
Q

___ and ____ offsets the decrease in resting metabolism that usually accompanies aging

A

regular endurance

resistance training

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51
Q

each 1 pound gain in FFM increases RMR by ___ to ___ kCal daily

A

7-10

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52
Q

food consumption ___ energy metabolism

A

increases

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53
Q

thermic effect of food reaches a maximum within ____ following a meal

A

1 hour

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54
Q

overweight individuals often have a blunted thermic response to eating that contributes to

A

excess body fat

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55
Q

diet induced thermogenesis two types

A

obligatory thermogenesis

facultative thermogenesis

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56
Q

what is obligatory thermogenesis

A

energy required to digest absorb and assimilate food nutrients

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57
Q

what is facultative thermogenesis

A

activation of the sympathetic nervous system and its stimulating influence on metabolic rate

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58
Q

what is the calorgenic effect of food on exercise metabolism

A

the calorigenic effect of food on exercise metabolism nearly doubles the foods thermic effect at rest

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59
Q

DIT (diet induced thermogenesis) is greater for ___and __ then it is for ___

A

carbs and proteins then it is for lipids

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60
Q

for most individuals it seems reasonable to encourage moderate exercise after eating to possible augment a diet induced increase in

A

caloric expenditure for weight control

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61
Q

RMR of people in tropical climate averages about ___% (higher or lower?) then for those living in more temperate areas

A

5-20% higher

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62
Q

exercise performed in hot weather causes about ___% higher ___ consumption

A

5% oxygen consumption

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63
Q

results from thermogenic effect of an elevated core temperature, additional energy from

A

sweat gland activity and altered circulatory dynamics

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64
Q

cold environments can ___ energy metabolism during rest and exercise

A

increase

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65
Q

magnitude of the cold effect depends largely on _____ content and effectiveness of the clothing ensemble

A

body fat

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66
Q

the added energy cost to weight bearing locomotion during pregnancy results primarily from

A

additional weight transported

reduced economy of effort from encumbrance of fetal tissue

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67
Q

what are METS

A

energy cost of activities

multiples of the RMR

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68
Q

one met equals resting oxygen consumption or _____mL.min for men and ___mL.min for women

A

250

200

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69
Q

exercise at 2 mets requires ___ the resting metabolism, exercise at 3 mets requires ___ the resting metabolism and so on

A

2 times

3times

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70
Q

to consider variations in body size one should express the MET

A

in terms of oxygen consumption per unit body bass

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71
Q

what does 1 met equal per unit body mass

A

3.5 mL.kg.min

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72
Q

how are physical activities classified by energy expenditures

A

intensity (it requires the same net number of calories to complete a marathon at various times)

duration (2 people of equal fitness run at the same speed but one runs twice as long as the other)

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73
Q

physical activity ratio is

A

classifies work by the ratio of energy needed for task to resting energy requirement

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74
Q

give examples of the physical activity ratio

A

light work= up to 3 times the resting requirement

heavy work = 6-8 times resting metabolism

maximal work = 9 tomes or more above rest

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75
Q

how many mets is required to:

sweep 
garden 
play with dog
wash car
play with kids
move furnature
A 
3.3 
4
4
4.5
5
6
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76
Q

gross net vs net energy expenditure

A

net energy expenditure is the true energy expenditure of an activity

net energy expenditure = gross energy expenditure - resting energy expenditure

activities with considerable variations in pace such as tennis soccer or basketball require more frequent measures for accurate estimates of total energy expenditure

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77
Q

the energy required to maintain a constant velocity of movement is called

A

economy of movement

78
Q

what does the economy of movement require

A

evaluation of the oxygen consumed during exercises at a constant power output or velocity

only applies to steady rate exercise where oxygen consumption closely mirrors energy expenditure

takes on added importance during longer-duration exercise

79
Q

what relates the amount of energy required to perform a particular task to the actual energy requirement of the work accomplished

A

mechanical efficiency

80
Q

what does the mechanical efficiency reflect

A

the percentage of total chemical energy expended that contributes to external work, with the remainder lost as heat

81
Q

mechanical efficiency % =

A

external work accomplished / energy expenditure x 100

82
Q

efficiency of humans for mechanical work is below

A

100%

83
Q

the energy required to overcome internal and external friction is the largest affecting factor of

A

humans efficiency for mechanical work

84
Q

what does human efficiency average between for walking running and stationary cycling

A

20-25%

falls less then 20% for activities with substantial drag force

85
Q

body size gender fitness level and skill affect individual differences in

A

mechanical efficiency

86
Q

the relationship between walking speed and oxygen consumption is ____ between speeds of 1.9-3.1mph

A

linear

87
Q

at faster speeds of 1.9-3,1mph walking economy ____ the relationship curves upward with a disproportionate increase in energy expenditure with increasing speed

A

decreases

88
Q

factors that affect energy expenditure during walking are

A

body mass
terrain and walking surface
downhill walking
footwear and other distal leg loads

89
Q

the economy of walking faster then 8 km.h equals only

A

one half the economy for running at the same speed

90
Q

achieve high yet uneconomical rates of movement, unattainable with conventional walking with a distinctive modified walking technique that

A

constrains the athlete to certain movement patterns regardless of walking speed

91
Q

independent of fitness it becomes more economical to

A

discontinue walking and begin running at speeds above about 8km.h

92
Q

exercise oxygen consumption equation

VO2 =

A

resting component (3.5mLO2.kg.min)
+
horizontal component times (speed x oxygen consumption of horizontal movement)
+
vertical component times (percentage grade x speed x oxygen consumption of verticle movement)

93
Q

what is the horizontal and verticle components of walking and of running

A

walking =
horizontal = 0.1
verticle = 1.8

running =
horizontal = 0.2
verticle = 0.9

94
Q

the total energy requirement for running a given distance is about

A

the same regardless of speed at reasonable intensities
for example
running a mile at 10mph requires 2x the energy per minute as running 5mph but at 10mph completing the mile takes 6 minutes while at 5 mph it takes 2x as long so the net energy expenditure to run the mile remains about the same

95
Q

equivalent energy expenditure per mile occur for horizontal running and at grades from

A

-45%+15%

96
Q

during horizontal running the net energy expenditure per Kg of body mass per km traveled averages

A

1 kCal

97
Q

the energy expenditure per mile increases proportionately with

A

body mass
supports the role of weight bearing exercise as additional caloric stressor for overweight persons who should increase daily energy expenditure for weight loss

98
Q

one can increase running speed in three ways

A

increase the number of steps each minute (stride frequency)

increase the distance between steps (stride length)

increase both the length and frequency of strides

99
Q

as a general rule running speed increases mainly by

A

lengthening the stride; at faster speeds stride frequency becomes important

100
Q

optimum stride length: each person runs at a constant speed with an optimum combination of

A

stride length

stride frequency

101
Q

what does optimum stride length depend on

A

the persons mechanics of running and cannot be

102
Q

energy expenditure increases more for ___ than for ___ in optimum stride length

A

overstriding than for understriding

103
Q

well trained runners should run at the stride length ___

A

that they have selected through years of running which reflects an individuals unique body size, inertia of limb segments and anatomic development

104
Q

children are less economical runners than adults and they require ___% more oxygen per unit body mass to run at a particular speed

A

20-30%

105
Q

adult models to predict energy expenditure during weight bearing locomotion fails to account for

A

the increased energy expenditures in children and adolescents

106
Q

the increased energy expenditure is attributed to a larger ratio of

A

surface area to body mass, greater stride frequencies, and shorter stride lengths and to differences in anthropometric variables and body mechanics that reduce movement economy

107
Q

effect of air resistance on energy expenditure of running varies with

A

air density
runners projected surface area
square of running velocity

108
Q

depending on speed, overcoming air resistance requires

A

3-9% of the total energy expenditure of running in calm air

109
Q

the energy expenditure of cutting through a headwind exceeds the

A

reduced oxygen consumption with an equivalent wind velocity at ones back

110
Q

clothing modification or trimming ones hair improves

A

aerodynamics and reduces the effects of air resistance up to 6%

111
Q

wind velocity has less effect on energy expenditure at

A

higher altitudes than at sea level because of the lower air density at higher elevations

112
Q

are there measurable differences in the energy requirements of submaximal running on the treadmill and track, either on level or up grade, or between the VO2 max in both exercise modes

A

NO

113
Q

at the faster speeds achieved by elite endurance runners the impact of air resistance on a calm day ____ oxygen consumption in track running compared with treadmill running at the same fast speed

A

increases

114
Q

expenditure of energy to maintain buoyancy while simultaneously generating horizontal movement in swimming by using

A

arms and legs is different then running

115
Q

overcoming ____ that impede a swimmers forward movement is one of the differences between swimming and running

A

drag forces

amount of drag depends on fluid medium and swimmers size shape and velocity

116
Q

lower mechanical efficiency makes the energy expenditure during swimming a given distance average about ____ more then the energy expenditure running the same distance

A

4x

117
Q

what are the three total drag force components when swimming

A

wave drag

skin friction drag

viscous pressure drag

118
Q

what is wave drag

A

caused by waves that build up in front of and form hollows behind the swimmer moving through the water

119
Q

what is skin friction drag

A

produced as water slides over the skin surface

120
Q

what is viscous pressure drag

A

caused by the pressure differential created in front of and behind the swimmer, which substantially counters propulsive efforts at slow velocities

121
Q

elite swimmers swim a particular stroke at a given velocity with ___ oxygen consumption than relatively untrained or recreational swimmers

A

lower

122
Q

highly skilled swimmers use more of the energy they generate per stroke to over come ___ so they cover greater distance per stroke than less skilled swimmers who waste considerable energy ineffectively moving water

A

drag forces

123
Q

what are ways to reduce drag force when swimming

A

as velocity increases above 0.8m.s drag decreases by supporting the legs with a floatation device that places the body in a more hydrodynamically desirable horizontal position

variations in swimsuit designs tend to reduce overall drag which should cover the shoulder to either the ankle or knee

124
Q

regardless of swimming speed the highest oxygen consumptions occur in ____water because the body begins to

A

cold

because the body begins to shiver to regulate core temperature

125
Q

for individuals of average body composition optimal water temperature for competitive swimming ranges between

A

28-30 degrees Celsius

126
Q

women gain a hydrodynamic lift and expend less energy to stay afloat then men because

A

they have higher body fat percentage

127
Q

women/men??? achieve higher swimming velocities than women/men??? at the same energy expenditure

A

women

men

128
Q

women have a greater peripheral body fat distribution which causes their

A

legs and arms to float relatively high in water making them more streamlined

129
Q

enhanced floatation and the females smaller body size does what

A

reduces drag and contributes to the gender difference in swimming economy

130
Q

while some individuals who score well on one power performance test tend to score well on another test, generally there is a ___ relationship between scores on different tests for different parameters of performance

A

poor

131
Q

factors to explain low relationships among test scores

A

human exercise performance remains highly task specific

each specific test requires different neuromuscular and skill components that introduce variability and specificity into test scores

132
Q

performance tests that maximally activate the ATP-PCr energy system serve as

A

practical field tests to evaluate the capacity for immediate energy transfer

133
Q

assumptions in the use of performance test scores are

A

all ATP at maximal power output regenerates via ATP-PCr hydrolysis

adequate ATP and PCr exist to support maximal performance for about 6 seconds duration

134
Q

power tests measure brief maximal exercise capacity when P=

A

(FD) / T

135
Q

what are types of performance tests for the immediate energy system

A

stair-sprinting power tests

jumping-power tests

any all-out exercise oc 6-8seconds sprint running or cycling brief shuttle runs and localized movements produced by arm cranking

136
Q

measures that evaluate energy generating capacity of the immediate energy system

A

size of the intramuscular ATP-PCr pool

depletion rates of ATP and PCr in all out, short duration exercise

137
Q

ATP and PCr depletion rates provide what

A

the most direct estimate and correlate highly with physical performance assessments of the immediate energy system

138
Q

it is nearly impossible to readily obtain precise biomechanical data during

A

all out exercise of brief duration

139
Q

blood lactate level provides the most common indicator of activation of the __system

A

short term energy system

140
Q

no specific criteria exists to indicate that a person has attained maximal anaerobic effort but ____ greatly influence performance, and performance test scores show good ___

A

self motivation and testing environment greatly influence

reproducibility from day to day

141
Q

what is one way to test the high energy phosphate power output

A

margaria kalamen

142
Q

what is the margaria kalamen

A

variables

  • mass of the subject
  • height of stairs
  • time between stairs

procedure

  • run up six stairs two at a time
  • start time on the 2nd step end on the 6th

calculations
- absolute and relative anaerobic power

143
Q

performances that activate the short term energy system require

A

maximal exercise up to 3 minutes

all out runs stationary cycling shuttle runs and repetitive weight lifting of a certain percentage of maximum capacity

144
Q

the influence of age gender skill motivation and body size creates

A

difficulty selecting a suitable criterion test or developing appropriate norms

145
Q

for anaerobic power performance tests the performance test must

A

closely resemble the activity that requires energy capacity assessment

146
Q

the wingate test is an example of what type of test

A

anaerobic power performance test

147
Q

what is the wingate and what does it assume

A

involves 30 seconds of supermaximal exercise on either an arm crank or leg cycle erogometer

assumes that peak power output reflects the energy generating capacity of the high energy phosphates while average power reflects glycolytic capacity

body mass determines resistance to pealing

148
Q

children preform ___ on wingate test compared with adolescents and young adults

A

poorly

149
Q

why do children preform poorly on wingate test compared with adolescents and young adults

A

lower intramuscular glycogen concentrations poorer motivation and a slower rate of glycogen hydrolysis

150
Q

available evidence indicates a biologic gender difference in ____ exercise capacity due to what

A

anaerobic

body mass 
active muscle mass
fat free body mass
relative area and metabolic capacity of the fast-twitch fiber type
responses to catecholamine in exercise
151
Q

what are some biologic indicators for anaerobic power

A

blood lactate levels

glycogen depletion

152
Q

how does blood lactate levels indicate anaerobic power

A

lactate measured during or following exercise does not necessarily reflect absolute levels of anaerobic energy transfer via glycolysis

with increasing exercise intensity greater lactate production reflects increasing ATP resynthesis from anaerobic pathways

153
Q

anaerobic glycolysis and PCr degradation provides about __% of the total energy yield for __seconds of all out exercise with aerobic pathways generating the remaining energy

A

70

30

154
Q

how does glycogen depletion become a biologic indicator for anaerobic power

A

the pattern of glycogen depletion reveals the glycolytic contribution to exercise because glycogen stored in specific muscles activated by exercise powers the short term energy system

155
Q

___ provides the most rapid phosphorylation of ATP of the three macronutrients and serves as the only stored macronutrient that anaerobically resynthesizes ATP

A

glycogen

156
Q

maximally accumulated oxygen deficit provides another indirect measure of _____

A

anaerobic metabolic capacity

157
Q

maximally accumulated oxygen deficit calculates as the difference between the predicted submaximal oxygen comsumption from the

A

exercise intensity-oxygen consumption relationship and oxygen consumption measured during a 2-3 minute all out treadmill run to fatigue

158
Q

maximally accumulated oxygen deficit demonstrates ___ from aerobic energy estimates and differentiates between ___and ___ trained individuals and remains unchanged with high intensity exercise of varying durations

A

independence

aerobically and anaerobically

159
Q

factors that contribute to differences among individuals in capacity to generate short term anaerobic energy are

A

effects of previous training

capacity to buffer acid metabolites

motivation

160
Q

aerobic energy can be connected to the principle of the ____equation

A

fick

161
Q

what is the principle of the fick equation

A

if you know the average difference between oxygen content of arterial and venous blood (a-vo2 difference) and how much oxygen was utilized by that working muscle (Vo2) then the only thing not known is how much blood was delivered to the working muscle to supply that amount of oxygen

162
Q

aerobic energy determinants of endurance performance are

A 
blood flow (usually measured as cardiac output) 
V.O2max, improved capillary density enzymes mitochondrial size and number and muscle fiber type
163
Q

VO2max is a fundamental measure of ______ because it provides important information about the capacity of the ___ energy system

A

physiologic functional capacity for exercise

long term energy system

164
Q

attaining a high VO2max requires integration of high levels of

A

pulmonary cardiovascular and neuromuscular function

165
Q

vo2max is defined as

A

the maximal oxygen consumption achieved with increasing exercise intensity. a leveling off of the oxygen consumption with increasing exercise intensity is required to identify the VO2max

166
Q

what is the secondary criteria to identify VO2max and what is the primary criteria

A

a leveling off of the oxygen consumption with increasing exercise intensity is the primary criteria

attainment of the age predicted maximum heart rate or a respiratory exchange ration > 1.15

167
Q

what is VO2 peak

A

highest value of oxygen consumption measured during a graded exercise test. this is the correct term to use when levelling off of the oxygen consumption with increasing exercise intensity is not observed

168
Q

maximal oxygen consumption tests usually include

A

treadmill running or walking bench stepping and stationary cycling, others include swimming swim bench ergometry in line skating roller skiing simulated arm leg climbing rowing ice skating arm crank and wheelchair exercise

169
Q

how long are maximal oxygen consumption tests

A

can be a single 3-5 minute supramaximal effort or progressive increments in effort

170
Q

subject terminates the test because they may not be influenced by motivational factors that do not reflect physiologic train, bringing the subject to vo2max or vo2peak often requires

A

considerable urging and prodding

171
Q

types of maximal oxygen consumption test protocols are

A

continuous= progressively increasing exercise increments without recovery or rest intervals
provides a practical test of aerobic capacity for most healthy individuals
total time for the test should be 8-10 mins

discontinuous= progressively increasing exercise increments interspersed with recovery intervals
total time for the test averages 65 mins

both yield similar VO2max

172
Q

what are 6 commonly used treadmill protocols to assess oxygen consumption

A 
Naughton test 
astrand test
bruce test
balke test
ellestad test
harbor test
173
Q

what are factors that affect maximal oxygen consumption

A 
mode of exercise 
genetics
state of training
gender/sex
body size and composition 
age
174
Q

the sex based differences in vo2 between males and females occur due to

A

differences in body composition where higher muscle mass contributes to higher vo2

175
Q

age tends to ___VO2 however that relationship is due to changes in muscle mass and cardiovascular function over time due to detraining

A

reduce

176
Q

exercise training can prevent what

A

a decline or at least slow the progression of the aging induced decline in VO2

177
Q

submaximal exercise testing to predict vo2max from walking/running or heart rate during or immediately post exercise is important because direct measurements

A

require an extensive laboratory specialized equipment considerable subject effort and motivation and could be risky to adults who do not have proper medical clearance and supervision

178
Q

all predictions of submaximal test to predict aerobic capacity have a standard error of estimate (SEE) that states

A

larger error equals a less useful predicted score

without knowing the magnitude of the SEE the usefulness of a predicted score is unknown

179
Q

aerobic capacity prediction tests endurance runs assumes

A

a persons ability to maintain a high stead-rate oxygen consumption largely determines the distance run over at least 5 mins duration

180
Q

vo2max predictions based on running performance should be viewed with caution:

A

a consistent level of motivation and effective pacing is critical with inexperienced subjects

body mass and fatness running economy and % of aerobic capacity sustained without blood lactate buildup all contribute to successful running

181
Q

SEE averages about ___% of the predicted value

A

8-10%

182
Q

maximum 1-mile run or walk times serve only limited use for vo2max prediction in growing children because

A

the age-related exercise performance improvements in youth relate poorly to changes in aerobic capacity

183
Q

the largest contributions to test scores improvement in children as they grow old result from

A

increased percentage of VO2max sustained during the exercise and improved running economy

both factors contribute substantially to faster times independent of any improvement in vo2max

184
Q

there is a __ relationship between HR and oxygen consumption (VO2) during increasing intensities of light to relatively intense aerobic exercise

A

linear

185
Q

the slope of the line to describe the HR-Vo2 relationship reflects the

A

adequacy of cardiovascular response and aerobic fitness capacity

186
Q

the VO2 max is estimated by drawing a ____ through several submaximal points that relate heart rate and oxygen consumption the HR-Vo2 line is then extended to an assumed maximum heart rate for the subjects age

A

a best fit straight line

187
Q

assumptions that affect the accuracy of the VO2 max prediction from submaximal exercise heart rate is

A

linearity of heart rate-oxygen consumption relationship

similar maximum heart rates for all subjects

assumed constant economy and mechanical efficiency during exercise

day to day heart rate variation

188
Q

vo2 max predicted from submaximal heart rate generally falls within ___% of the persons actual VO2max

A

10-20%

189
Q

SEE equals

A

+- 3.44mL O2 min

190
Q

data to predict VO2max from nonexercised data is

A

sex female = 0 male = 1
body mas index
physical rating- point vaulue of 0-10 represents physical activity for previous 6 months
perceived functional ability - sum of point values for current level of perceived functional ability

191
Q

VO2max=

A

44.895+(7.042xsex)-(0.823xBMI) + (0.738xPFA) + (0.688xPA-R)

Exercise Physiology (13 decks)

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