Metabolic Disorders in the Neonate Flashcards
Definition of Metabolism
Refers to a set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, that allow growth and reproduction, the maintaining of structure and the response to environmental stimuli.
Definition of Hyperglycaemia
Refers to when blood sugar levels are higher than normal (>8mmol/L)
Symptoms of Hyperglycaemia
- Thirst/hunger
- Frequent urination
- Dehydration
- Nil symptoms
- Slow HR
Complications with Hyperglycaemia
- Diabetes
- Blindness
- Kidney damage
Causes of Hyperglycaemia
- Gestational diabetes
- neonatal diabetes
- bottle overfeeding
- Drugs
- IV’s
Definition of Hypoglycaemia
Refers to when blood sugars are abnormally low (<2.5mmol/L)
Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia
- Weight gain
- Lethargy
- Cyanosis
- Hypothermia
- Jitteriness
- Poor feeding
- Poor tone
- Seizures
Complications of Hypoglycaemia
- Seizures
- Brain injury
Causes of Hypoglycaemia
- Too much insulin in blood
- Inadequate maternal diet
- Birth asphyxia
- Infection
- Liver disease
- Birth defects
Definition of Hypercalcaemia
Defined as too much calcium in the blood (>3mmol/L)
Symptoms of Hypercalcaemia
- Vomiting
- Constipation
- Lethargy
- Seizures
Causes of Hypercalcaemia
- Iatrogenic (medical errors)
Definition of Hypocalcaemia
Defined as too little calcium in the blood (<2mmol/L in term, 1.75mmol/L in preterm).
Symptoms of Hypocalcaemia
- Apnea
- Telany
- Hypotonia
Causes of Hypocalcaemia
- Prematurity
- SGA
- Ingestion of cows milk (late onset)
- Mat diabetes
- Asphyxia
Definition of Hypermagnesemia
Defined as too much magnesium in the blood (>2mmol/L). It is very uncommon.
Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia
- not usually present
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
- Kidney insufficiency
- Haemolysis
- Magnesium infusion
Complications of Hypermagnesemia
- Hypotension
- Resp depression
- Cardiac arrest
Definition of Hypernatraemia
Defined as too much sodium in the blood (>145mEq/L)
Symptoms of Hypernatraemia
- Lethargy
- Restlessness
- Hypothermia
- Hyperreflexia
- Seizures
Causes of Hypernatraemia
- Dehydration
- Salt poising
Definition of Hyponatraemia
Defined as too little sodium in the blood (<135mEq/L)
Symptoms of Hyponatraemia
- Nausea and vomiting
- Seizures
- Apathy
- Hypothermia
Causes of Hyponatraemia
- Dehydration
- Inappropriate ADH secretion
Definition of Osteopenia
A condition characterised by a reduction in the bone mineral content
Symptoms of Osteopenia
- Clinically silent
- Rickets
Cause of Osteopenia
- Preterm
- Inadequate nutrition
- Immobilsation
- Prolonged period of parentreal nutrition
- Some drugs
Definition of Inborn Errors of Metabolism
A large class of genetic diseases involving disorders of metabolism
Symptoms of Inborn Errors of Metabolism
- Poor feeding
- Irritability
- Abnormal tone
- Seizures
- D+V
- Dehydration
- Brady
- Tachypnea
- Temperature instability
Causes of Inborn Errors of Metabolism
- Single gene defects
