Metabolic diseases Flashcards
When do most metabolic problems occur in dairy cattle and why?
Around the time of calving (3 weeks before-after)
Because of the significant changes in energy demand/endocrine status/feed intake
Describe the pathophysiology of ketosis
Negative energy balance with lack of carbohydrates -> increased fat mobilization -> increased ketone body formation
Describe primary vs. secondary ketosis
Primary- negative energy balance in early lactation, hypoglycemia, responds well
Secondary- disease-induced inappetence +/- fatty liver in overconditioned sows, treatment often unsuccessful
What are risk factors for ketosis?
First 6 weeks of lactation, high milk yield, higher parity, overconditioning, genetics, problems during previous transition period
What clinical signs are seen in ketosis?
Gradual loss of appetite, decreased milk production, ruminal hypomotility, mild dehydration, dullness/depression, weight loss, altered CNS function (for nervous ketosis), normal TPR
How is ketosis diagnosed?
Special odor to cow’s breath (subjective, not sensitive), ketones can be detected in blood (best), urine (overly sensitive), milk (low sensitivity, high specificity)
How is ketosis treated?
Administer propylene glycol, increase dietary intake, provide IV dextrose, provide glucocorticoids, consider rumen transfaunation, ionophores, and B-vitamins
Describe the pathophysiology of hepatic lipidosis
Rate of hepatic triglyceride formation exceeds oxidation of fatty acids and release of VLDLs, leading to storage. Liver becomes overwhelmed with fatty acids. Mortality rate can exceed 25%.
What clinical signs are associated with hepatic lipidosis?
Depression, anorexia, weight loss, weakness, recumbency, rumen hypomotility, decreased milk production
What diseases commonly occur concurrently with hepatic lipidosis?
Displaced abomasum, metritis, mastitis, parturient paresis
How is hepatic lipidosis diagnosed?
Liver biopsy (gold standard), ultrasound, increased liver enzymes and NEFAs, leukopenia all suggestive but not diagnostic
How is hepatic lipidosis treated and prevented?
Eliminate negative energy balance, treat any concurrent disease, prevent over-conditioning
Which animals get pregnancy toxemia?
Small ruminants and beef cattle
What is pregnancy toxemia and how does it compare to ketosis in dairy cattle?
It is ketosis associated with late pregnancy and decreased ruminal fill, it has lower morbidity and higher mortality (>50%)
What are risk factors for pregnancy toxemia?
Ewes >2 lambs, does >3 kids, poor quality feed, over or severely under conditioned animals, stress
What clinical signs are associated with pregnancy toxemia?
Anorexia, depression, weakness, recumbency, neurological signs, may have concurrent diseases
What are differential diagnoses for pregnancy toxemia?
Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, mastitis, enterotoxemia, listeriosis, polioencephalomalacia, anemia/parasitism, copper toxicosis
How is pregnancy toxemia diagnosed?
Beta-hydroxybutyrate found in blood or acetoacetate found in urine, presence of multiple fetuses on ultrasound is supportive, chemistry panel with high fatty acids, metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia/kalemia/glycemia, azotemia, increased liver enzymes
How is pregnancy toxemia treated?
Decide if dam or kids are more important- if dam is more important, emergency c-section, if kids more important induce labor when appropraite
Describe protein energy malnutrition
Negative energy balance in pregnant beef cattle causing signs similar to pregnancy toxemia/ketosis. Prevent by making sure cows go into 3rd trimester with good BCS and by feeding high quality forage and grain.
What are the 4 M’s of recumbent cows?
Mastitis
Metritis
Musculoskeletal/neurological
Metabolic (hypocalcemia/kalemia/magnesemia/phosphatemia)
How do PTH and vitamin D effect ionized calcium?
They increase it
How does calcitonin effect ionized calcium?
It decreases it
What is milk fever/periparturient paresis?
Loss of serum calcium within 24-48 hours of calving due to lactation; compromises muscle and nerve function resulting in paralysis