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Ruminant Final > Dermatology > Flashcards

Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent of rain scald?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis- gram positive, non-acid fast, filamentous aerobic bacterium

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2
Q

What is required for rain scald to develop?

A

A carrier animal, moisture in the environment, and skin lesions on the new recipient

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3
Q

How is rain scald transmitted?

A

Direct contact with fomites, flies, or ticks + moisture

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4
Q

What are the unique locations kids develop rain scald at?

A

Ear pinna, under the tail

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5
Q

What do the gross lesions from rain scald look like?

A

Thick crusts under the hair coat with pink, moist skin underneath in a classical paintbrush shape

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6
Q

How is rain scald diagnosed?

A

Impression smear with “railroad track cocci”, bacterial culture, or histopathology with thick crust with alternating layers of thick stratum corneum and presence of neutrophils

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7
Q

How is rain scald treated?

A

Remove animals from wet environment, remove crusts (and dispose of), wash lesions, administer parenteral oxytetracycline +/- NSAIDs

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8
Q

What is the usual presentation of an animal with fibropapillomas?

A

Young (<2yr) animals with lesions mostly over face and neck (can be teats, penis, interdigital, or alimentary tract), spontaneously regress after about a year

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9
Q

What are the treatments for papillomas?

A

Crushing, pinching, surgical removal, or cryotherapy, if many animals are affected, you can use an autogenous vaccine

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10
Q

What is the causative agent of bovine herpes mammillitis?

A

Bovine herpesvirus type 2

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of bovine herpes mammillitis?

A

Teat, oral, udder, or generalized skin lesions, starting out painful and edematous and progressing to ulcerative +/- vesicles, develop secondary bacterial infection and mastitis

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12
Q

How is bovine herpes mammillitis diagnosed?

A

Serology, virus isolation, or histopathology

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13
Q

How is bovine herpes mamillitis treated?

A

Milk cows last and wash hands between cows, parenteral antibiotics if secondary bacterial infection present

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14
Q

What kind of virus is pseudocowpox?

A

A parapoxvirus

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15
Q

Describe pseudocowpox

A

Lesions start as small papules and progress to large circular lesions consuming the teat, scabs develop with horseshoe shape; thighs, scrotum, and mammary gland are commonly affected, no systemic illness. Zoonotic- can appear on hands of milkers.

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16
Q

What kind of virus causes sheeppox and goatpox?

A

A capripoxvirus

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17
Q

Where are sheep and goat pox commonly seen?

A

Africa, Asia, Middle East

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs consistent with sheep/goatpox?

A

Pyrexia, anorexia, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, skin lesions

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19
Q

What is the morbidity and mortality of sheep pox? What about goat pox?

A

Sheep pox- high morbidity, high mortality
Goat pox- high morbidity, low mortality

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20
Q

How is sheep/goat pox treated and controlled?

A

Vaccine may be available for severely affected herds
Zoonotic so be careful

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21
Q

What is the causative agent(s) of dermatophytosis in ruminants?

A

Trichophyton verrucosum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes

22
Q

How is ringworm transmitted?

A

Direct contact, more common in younger animals

23
Q

What is the incubation period of ringworm?

A

1-6 weeks

24
Q

What is the duration of disease from ringworm?

A

1-4 months

25
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of ringworm

A

Dermatophyte invades fully keratinized non-living tissue on the axilla, trunk, rump, neck, limbs, and face. May cause pruritis, crusting, or wart-like appearance.

26
Q

How is ringworm diagnosed?

A

Fungal culture of broken hairs

27
Q

How is ringworm treated?

A

Topical shampoos with miconazole, ketoconazole, or 3-4% chlorhexidine
Vaccine available in Europe, not in USA

28
Q

What is the biting species of lice?

A

Mallophaga

29
Q

What is the sucking species of lice?

A

Anoplura

30
Q

How is lice diagnosed and treated?

A

Observation of the lice
Treat with ivermectin (sucking) or topical insecticide- pyrethroids, permethrins, fipronil (sucking or biting)

31
Q

What are the four types of mange?

A

Psoroptic, chorioptic, sarcoptic, demodectic

32
Q

What species cause psoroptic mange?

A

Psoroptes equi, ovis, natalensis, and cuniculi

33
Q

Describe psoroptic mange

A

Mites live on the surface of the skin and cause pruritis, spreading across the body and decreasing productivity, causing weight loss, and causing secondary bacterial infection. Diagnosed with skin scraping. Treat with ivermectin, doromectin, or moxidectin

34
Q

What species cause chorioptic mange?

A

Chorioptes bovis, texanus, ovis, equi, and capre

35
Q

Describe chorioptic mange

A

Occurs in cattle and sheep, has 2-3 week life cycle, causes varying levels of pruritus, usually on extremities and perineum region. Can be diagnosed with skin scraping, treated with ivermectin, doromectin, or moxidectin.

36
Q

What species causes sarcoptic mange?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

37
Q

Describe sarcoptic mange

A

Uncommon in ruminants, zoonotic, eggs deposited within epidermis, mostly affects head and neck with severe pruritus. Don’t need a lot of mites to cause severe disease, so negative skin scrape doesn’t rule out disease. Treated with ivermectin. Reportable disease.

38
Q

What species causes demodectic mange?

A

Demodex bovis, ovis, and caprae

39
Q

Describe demodectic mange

A

Mites live in hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, causing nodular lesions of face, shoulders, and neck (also periocular in sheep). Diagnose with skin scrape. Treatment is difficult, but use pour-on or injectable ivermectin

40
Q

What species cause warbles (Hypoderma)?

A

Hypoderma bovis and lineatum

41
Q

When in the year are hypoderma active?

A

Spring and summer

42
Q

Where do H. lineatum deposit eggs? Where do H. bovis deposit eggs?

A

H. lineatum- hair of legs or lower body
H. bovis- rump or upper hairs on hind limbs

43
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of hypoderma

A

Eggs hatch in 3-7 days; L1 penetrate skin, migrate through tissues (lineatum -> esophagus; bovis -> spinal canal) where they stay for 2-4 months. In January, final migration begins and they go back to dermal tissue on the backs of the animal where they bore breathing holes and develop cysts. They molt twice and L3 emerge, fall to the ground, pupate, and turn into flies who mate.

44
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypoderma?

A

Stampeding behavior/self-trauma in the summer, fat necrosis or esophageal tissue edema during L1 migration, warbles on rump and dorsum during L3 stage

45
Q

How is hypoderma treated?

A

Individual worm removal, pour-on doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, or moxidectin in early fall

46
Q

How does a cow with copper deficiency look?

A

Has dull haircoat, ill-thrift, chronic diarrhea

47
Q

How is copper deficiency diagnosed?

A

Measure copper in serum or liver

48
Q

Describe zinc responsive dermatosis

A

Affects cattle, sheep, goats, and llamas. Caused by low zinc or antagonist in diet, also hereditary. Clinical signs- dull haircoat, scaling, alopecia, hyperkeratosis. Diagnosed with plasma zinc levels and histology showing parakeratosis as well as response to treatment. Treat with zinc supplementation.

49
Q

What is the presentation of orf?

A

Oral, muzzle, teat, vulva, coronary band, and conjunctiva lesions, painful papular/vesicular/pustular lesions that scab, shrink in 2-3 weeks, and fall off in 4-6 weeks

50
Q

How is orf transmitted?

A

Direct contact, contact with scabs or saliva

51
Q

How is orf diagnosed?

A

Signalment/lesions, histopathology, FAT

52
Q

How is orf treated and prevented?

A

Nursing care, isolate animals, vaccinate at 2-3 days old (only on endemic farms)

Ruminant Final (12 decks)

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