Anemia Flashcards
What are signs of RBC regeneration in ruminants?
Reticulocytes, macrocytic +/- hypochromic, anisocytosis, Howell-jolly bodies, rubricytosis, codocytosis, basophilic stippling
What are causes of hematuria in ruminants?
Pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis, enzootic hematuria, embolic nephritis
What are causes of hemoglobinuria in ruminants?
Leptospirosis, bacillary hemoglobinuria, copper toxicity, post-parturient hemoglobinuria, cold water intoxication
What are causes of myoglobinuria in ruminants?
Ionophore toxicity, cassia toxicity, capture myopathy
What type of Anaplasma affect cattle and small ruminants?
Cattle- Anaplasmosis marginale subsp. centrale
Small ruminants- Anaplasmosis ovis
Where in the US is Anaplasma endemic?
Western US
How is Anaplasma transmitted?
Tick borne or from biting flies (or iatrogenic)
When is Anaplasma usually spread?
Late spring and summer
Describe the pathology of Anaplasma
Replicates in red blood cells causing bacteremia, leads to splenic and hepatic macrophage mediated phagocytosis of RBCs, release of APP and inflammatory response
What are the clinical signs of Anaplasma?
<1 year old- subclinical
>2 years old- fever, depressed, anorexia/GI stasis, anemia, icteric or pale, aggression, death
How is Anaplasma diagnosed?
Identification of organism on blood smear, PCR, CBC, serology for carriers
How is Anaplasma treated?
Blood transfusions, tetracyclines, supportive care and minimizing stress
How is Anaplasma prevented/controlled?
Tick control, insecticide impregnated ear tags, new vaccine (only in CA)
How is Theileria transmitted?
By Asian longhorn tick
What is the causative agent of babesiosis?
Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis
How is babesiosis spread?
Tick borne- Rhipicephalus and Ixodes
What are the clinical signs of babesia?
Fever, depression, diarrhea-constipation, icterus, anorexia, tachycardia/tachypnea, anemia, death
What are the signs of the cerebral form of babesia?
Hyperexcitability, aggressive, convulsions, coma, death
Which kind of babesia is more likely to cause cerebral disease?
Babesia bovis
Which animals are more prone to babesia?
Cattle >6 months and <5 years old moved to rough pasture
How is babesia diagnosed?
Blood smear, serology, or CBC
How is babesia treated and controlled?
Imidocarb, blood transfusion if needed, control ticks
What signs of babesia signal that the disease is advanced and prognosis is poor?
Icteric, black urine, weak and low temperature, hemic murmur heard on approach, PCV <10 or HR >140
Describe bacillary hemoglobinuria
Caused by Clostridium novyi type D/ Clostridium hemolyticum, associated with Fasciola. Has acute onset- pyrexia, jaundice, abdominal pain, port-wine colored urine, usually fatal with short course. Vaccinate for prevention.
What is the host specific type of Leptospirosis found in cattle in the US?
Leptospira hardjo bovis
Describe the symptoms of Leptospira hardjo bovis
Chronic interstitial nephritis, infertility, stillbirth, abortion, weak calves, milk drop syndrome, agalactia/mastitis/bloody milk
Is Leptospira hardjo bovis shed for a long duration?
Yes, may have lifelong shedding
Describe the symptoms of non-host adapted Leptospirosis in cattle
Severe acute disease- interstitial nephritis, tubular nephrosis, abortion possible
Is non-host adapted Leptospirosis shed in urine for the animal’s lifetime?
No, only shed for short duration
How is Leptospirosis diagnosed?
Dark field microscopy, silver stain, PCR, microscopic agglutination test
How is Leptospirosis treated and prevented?
Treatment- oxytetracycline
Prevention- vaccination, drain/fence off standing water, limit wildlife contact
How does copper toxicity lead to icterus?
Copper accumulates in liver -> necroses parenchymal cells -> Kupffer cells swell -> blood glutathione reduced -> RBC fragility and hemoglobin oxidation and methemoglobin formation -> IV hemolysis
What species is most sensitive to copper toxicity?
Sheep
What are the clinical signs of copper toxicity in sheep?
Abrupt onset depression, anorexia, weakness, hemolytic crisis (anemia, methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, icteric-muddy membranes)
What are the clinical signs of copper toxicity in cattle?
Dyspnea, head pressing, ataxia, circling
How is copper toxicity diagnosed?
CBC showing anemia and hemolysis, increased liver and renal enzymes on chem panel, increased copper levels in serum and liver
Post mortem- liver yellow/friable with centrilobular necrosis, hepatic fibrosis, and bile duct hyperplasia, “gunmetal blue” kidneys
How is copper toxicity treated?
Ammonium molybdate, sodium thiosulfate, D-penicillamine, fluids, diuretics, blood transfusion, oxygen therapy, Vitamin E, molybdenum in the feed for animals less severely effected
Which animals get water intoxication most commonly?
Calves on milk replacer who are then turned out to pasture
What are the clinical signs of water intoxication?
Acute hemoglobinuria, hypothermia, salivation, muscle tremors, star gazing, ataxia, convulsions, IV hemolysis
How is water intoxication treated?
Restrict water temporarily, provide hypertonic saline, corticosteroids, mannitol
Describe post-parturient hemoglobinuria
Severe acute hypophosphatemia in first 4-6w of lactation, usually in high producing multiparous cows, seen as depression, weakness, anorexia, drop in milk yield, anemia, icterus, and hemoglobinuria
Describe the causative agent of anthrax
Bacillus anthracis- gram positive rod that forms spores
How is anthrax spread?
Spores are ingested in soil/plants
What are the clinical signs of anthrax poisoning?
Blood tinged discharges from orifices, caudal vena cava thrombosis, bleeding ulcers, jejunal hemorrhage syndrome, lack of rigor mortis
How is anthrax poisoning diagnosed?
Cytology and culture of blood sample or vitreous humor
How is anthrax treated/prevented?
No treatment- REPORTABLE, ZOONOTIC, DO NOT NECROPSY
Prevent with vaccine, carcass disposal
What are the clinical signs of abomasal ulcers?
Decreased appetite and milk production, melena, anemia, bruxism, tachycardia, abdominal pain/ileus, rumen stasis, dehydration, recumbency and cold extremities
How are abomasal ulcers diagnosed?
Difficult- fecal occult blood is specific but not sensitive, mild cases often diagnosis of rule-out
CBC/chem showing anemia, hypoproteinemia, neutrophilia/penia, hemoconcentration, etc.
Abdominocentesis with malodorous, discolored, toxic changes in cells and intracellular bacteria for severe cases
How are abomasal ulcers treated?
Treat concurrent disease, minimize stress, correct dietary problems, can give PPIs or H2 antagonists or sucralfate, supportive care
Which abomasal ulcers have a good vs. bad prognosis?
I-III fair prognosis
IV grave prognosis
What are the clinical signs of Haemonchus contortus?
Anemia, hypoproteinemia, submandibular edema, weakness, collapse
