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Ruminant Final > Camelids > Flashcards

Camelids Flashcards

1
Q

What species are camelids?

A

Llamas, camels, vicuna, guanaco, alpaca

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2
Q

How can you differentiate a llama from an alpaca?

A

Llamas have banana shaped ears, rougher fur, and are much bigger
Alpacas have small ears and are smaller with finer fur

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3
Q

How many cervical vertebra do camelids have?

A

Same as others- 7

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4
Q

What neck injuries are common in male camelids?

A

Cervical fractures, luxations, and subluxations (due to fighting)

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5
Q

How do camelid faces differ from other ruminants?

A

They have tactile lips, bulgey eyes, and their nasal bone ends high on their face

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6
Q

How do fighting teeth differ in intact males vs. females/geldings?

A

Better developed in intact males, develop earlier (compared to 4-6y in females/geldings)

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7
Q

What is the dental formula for camelids?

A

I (1/3), C (1/1), PM (1-2/1-2), M (3/3)

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8
Q

How many compartments do camelid stomachs have?

A

3

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9
Q

Describe the camelid stomach compartments

A

C1- fermentation vat, similar to rumen, 3-4 contractions/min
C2- tiny sac with mixed function, similar to reticulum and omasum, moves feedstuff towards C3
C3- long tubular structure similar to abomasum, enzymatic digestion, prone to ulcers

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10
Q

What direction do camelids urinate in?

A

Backwards (pee goes behind them)

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11
Q

What are camelid feet called?

A

Slippers

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12
Q

What shape are camelid erythrocytes and why?

A

Elliptical shaped; due to their oxygen carrying ability because of their high elevation

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13
Q

What needs to be considered when looking at camelid bloodwork?

A

Some analyzers won’t interpret results for them and the reference ranges are set at sea level

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14
Q

What is the most common leukocyte in camelids?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

What are the normal TPR parameters for camelids?

A

T- 99.5-102 F
P- 40-70bpm
R- 20-40bpm
C1 contractions- 3-5/min

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16
Q

Ears back and tails up indicates what in a camelid?

A

Aggression

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17
Q

What vaccines are used in camelids?

A

CD/T vaccine
Rabies if around humans
7 way tetanus
Other less common- equine herpesvirus 1, lepto, BVDV, WNV, EEE

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18
Q

Where should you perform an IV injection on the neck of a camelid?

A

Close to the ramus of the mandible as to avoid the artery

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19
Q

Where should you perform a subcutaneous injection in a camelid?

A

Axillary region- area with no fiber

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20
Q

Where should you perform an IM injection in a camelid?

A

The “golden triangle” in the neck or in the triceps

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21
Q

What are the routine procedures done in camelids?

A

Feet trimming, castration, fighting teeth removal, microchip

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22
Q

Describe the basic nutrition for camelids

A

Eat ~2% body weight in dry matter daily, lots of roughage, need higher energy and protein during gestation and lactation

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23
Q

When do ovaries develop in female camelids?

A

10-12 months old

24
Q

What kind of ovulators are camelids?

A

Induced, need male to mate

25
When do male camelids start to produce sperm?
14 months old
26
Why do male camelids have difficulty/inability to mate until they are 30 months old?
They haven't reached full sexual maturity and the preputial adhesions haven't finished breaking down yet
27
How is pregnancy diagnosed in camelids?
Test with male (unreceptive), blood test for progesterone, ultrasound (detection around 2 months)
28
Which horn of the uterus do most camelid pregnancies occur in?
Left horn
29
Describe the 3 stages of criation
Stage 1- 1-6 hours Stage 2- rapid (30min), usually in early morning, delivery Stage 3- pass placenta, lasts 2-4 hours
30
When can camelids be bred again after criation?
14-21 days
31
What ear problems occur in camelids?
Otitis- externa to interna Spinose ear tick
32
How are otitis and ear ticks treated in camelids?
Ivermectin in ear for tick, antibiotics, ear cleaning, and possibly surgical debridement
33
How is otitis diagnosed in camelids?
Radiographs, CT
34
Are older or younger camelids more prone to megaesophagus?
Older
35
What are the clinical signs of megaesophagus?
Hypersalivation, regurgitation, recurrent bloat or choke, weight loss
36
How is megaesophagus diagnosed?
Radiographs
37
How is megaesophagus treated?
Antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia, elevated feeding with small volumes
38
What are the clinical signs of C3 ulcers in camelids?
Inappetence, colic, depression, legs out to the side
39
How do you diagnose C3 ulcers in camelids?
Response to treatment may be diagnostic, scope can't reach C3
40
How are C3 ulcers treated in camelids?
Parenteral pantoprazole, reduce stress
41
What are the clinical signs of heat stress in camelids?
Tachycardia, tachypnea, redness/skin swelling, dehydration, CNS effects, reproductive effects, DIC
42
How is heat stress treated in camelids?
Shear their fiber, soak in alcohol, provide water bath, supportive care (IVF, O2)
43
What is the primary host of the meningeal worm?
White tailed deer
44
What is the name of the meningeal worm?
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
45
What are the clinical signs of meningeal worm in camelids?
Multifocal and asymmetrical neurological deficits- gait abnormalities, recumbency, cranial nerve deficits
46
How is meningeal worm infection diagnosed in camelids?
CSF tap with eosinophil (no eosinophil does not mean no worm)
47
How are meningeal worms treated/prevented?
Ivermectin or fenbendazole, NSAIDs for comfort if already infected
48
What species of mycoplasma affects camelids?
Mycoplasma haemolamae
49
How is mycoplasma transmitted in camelids?
Insect vectors, contaminated needles, transplacental spread
50
What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma in camelids?
Usually asymptomatic, stressed or immunosuppressed animals may have anemia, lethargy, depression, and fever
51
How is mycoplasma diagnosed in camelids?
Blood smear (must be read immediately), PCR
52
How is mycoplasma treated in ruminants?
Treat with long acting tetracycline
53
Describe the pathogenesis of hypernatremic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome
Hyperglycemia occurs -> glucosuria -> osmotic diuresis -> hypernatremia due to water loss -> decreased water volume -> hyperosmolar -> neuro signs
54
What are the clinical signs of hypernatremic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome
Lethargy, anorexia, hyperthermia, tremors, seizures, ataxia, wide based stance
55
How is hypernatremic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome treated?
Treat underlying condition (sepsis, meningeal worm), rehydrate, provide insulin
56
What is a common defect found in crias?
Choanal atresia- failure of choanae to open, present in respiratory distress with open mouth breathing, recommend euthanasia

Ruminant Final (12 decks)

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