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Radiation Protection > merge 4 > Flashcards

merge 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the presence of radiation is indicated by ticking, chirping or beeping sound

A

PULSE MODE

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2
Q

the instrument response is
expressed in mR/hr or R/hr

A

RATE MODE

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3
Q
  • Used in instruments designed to
    measure the intensity of radiation
  • Accumulate the signal and respond
    with a total exposure (mGya or Gya)
A

INTEGRATED MODE

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4
Q
  • mGya or Gya
  • The practice of measuring the intensity of radiation
A

DOSIMETRY

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5
Q
  • Instrument designed to detect and
    measure radiation
  • The radiation-measuring devices
A

DOSIMETERS

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6
Q

◼The earliest radiation detection device
◼ The primary means of radiation detection
and measurement
◼ Limited range, sensitive, and energy
dependent

A

PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSION

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7
Q

◼Consist of a cylinder filled with air and a
central collecting electrode
◼ Cylinder of gas– ( air ) ( xenon– used to
measure xrays in some ct scanners)

A

GAS-FILLED RADIATION DETECTOR

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8
Q

instrument can detect very low radiation intensities

A

HIGH LEVEL OF SENSITIVITY

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9
Q

instrument can detect & precisely measure the intensity of radiation field

A

HIGH LEVEL OF ACCURACY

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10
Q

The instrument of choice for measuring radiation intensity

A

IONIZATION CHAMBER

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11
Q
  • A portable ion chamber survey instrument
  • The most familiar area survey
  • used principally for area radiation surveys; wide range
A

PORTABLE SURVEY INSTRUMENT (CUTIE PIE)

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12
Q
  • A configuration of an ion chamber
  • Another application of precision ion chamber
A

DOSECALIBRATOR

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13
Q
  • Most accurate ion chamber (specific measurement output
    intensity)
  • used for precise calibration of the output intensity of diagnostic x-ray imaging system
A

ION CHAMBER DOSIMETER

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14
Q
  • Sensitive instruments
  • Detect only Alpha and Beta radiation
  • Used primarily as stationary laboratory
    instruments for the assay
    of small quantities of radioactivity (low
    intensity area)
A

PROPORTIONAL COUNTER

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15
Q
  • A sensitive portable survey instrument- Capable of detecting and indicating
    SINGLE IONIZING EVENTS
  • Least likely to be used as x-ray detector
  • Application: Survey for low radiation levels
A

GEIGER-MULLER COUNTER

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16
Q

a material that
glow when heated; exhibiting thermally
stimulated emission of visible light

A

Thermo-luminescence

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17
Q
  • Radiation dosimeter adapted for personnel monitoring (newest)
  • Used for both patient and personnel radiation monitoring
A

OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE DOSIMETRY (OSL)

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18
Q

OSL material

A

aluminum oxide (Al2O3)

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19
Q
  • Pack of photographic film used for approximate measurement of radiation exposure to radiation workers
  • Most economical type of personnel radiation monitor
  • Consists of a small case w/ a piece of film placed b/n different filters
A

FILM BADGE / FILM DOSIMETER

20
Q
  • Sensitive devices for x-rays and gamma rays
  • Measures radiation intensities as low a single-photon interactions
A

SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

21
Q
  • An imaging device used in nuclear medicine
  • limited range, very sensitive, & stationary or portable instruments
A

GAMMA CAMERA

22
Q
  • Nearly all noble gasses
  • Applications are rare– detection efficiency is very low and probability of interaction is small
A

GAS SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

23
Q
  • Biologic molecules are mixed with a liquid
    scintillation phosphor
  • Used frequently to detect low-energy beta
    emission from
    carbon-14 and tritium
    Detection: 100% for beta radiation
A

LIQUID SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

24
Q
  • Inorganic crystals ; most widely used scintillation phosphors

Ex:- Thallium-activated sodium iodide (NaI:Tl)

A

SOLID SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

25
Q
  • An electron vacuum tube
  • Contains a number of elements
  • Converts light flashes from the scintillator into an electronic signal of pulses
A

PHOTOMULTIPLIER (PM) TUBE

26
Q
  • Allows the light flash to be reflected internally to the window
  • Also necessary to seal the crystal
A

ALUMINUM SEAL

27
Q

a seal that prevents the
crystal from coming into contact with air or
moisture

A

Hermetic seal

28
Q
  • absorbs moisture
  • NOTE: most scintillation crystals are BLANK
A

Hygroscopic

29
Q

A device that emits electrons when illuminated
( cesium, antimony, bismuth)

A

PHOTOCATHODE

30
Q

a process wherein
electrons are emitted from the photocathode

A

Photoemission

31
Q
  • The first series of plate-like elements

Function: amplify the electron pulse through secondary electron emission

A

DYNODES

32
Q

provides structural
support for the internal elements anD maintains the vacuum inside the tube

A

Glass envelope

33
Q

provides an initial state of
pulse amplification

A

PREAMPLIFIER

34
Q
  • When heated, it emits visible light
    – is the emission of light by a thermally stimulated crystal following irradiation
A

THERMOLUMINESCENSCENCE
DOSIMETRY (TLD)

35
Q
  • Uses a scintillation detector as an
    energy-sensitive device
  • Uses pulse height analysis
A

GAMMASPECTROMETRY:

36
Q
  • Has more molecules available for
    ionization
  • more sensitive
A

LARGE CHAMBERS

37
Q
  • Applications: Greater no. of molecules are available for
    ionization
  • Higher sensitivity
A

PRESSURIZED CHAMBER

38
Q

other name for PORTABLE SURVEY INSTRUMENT

A

cutie pie

39
Q

the minimum time
between ionizations that can be detected

A

RESOLVING TIME

40
Q

where the
TLD phosphor is placed on

A

PLANCHET (SPECIAL DISK)

41
Q

electronic instruments
designed to measure and
analyze radiation and automatically relate
this to exposure or dose
through a conversion factor

A

TLD ANALYZER

42
Q
  • most widely used TLD material
  • Effective atomic no. of: 8.2; that has photon absorption properties similar to that of soft tissue (nearly a tissue equivalent dosimeter)
  • Characteristic: sensitive; can measure dose as low as– 5mrad (5μGyt)
  • Dose exceeding 10rad (100mGyt)
  • Accuracy : better than 5%
A

LITHIUM FLUORIDE (LiF)

43
Q
  • Characteristic: more sensitive to ionizing radiation can measure doses: less than 1mrad (moderate accuracy)
  • Principal use: environmental monitoring
A

CALCIUM FLUORIDE (activated with manganese) (CaF2:Mn)

44
Q

Principle use: Research

A

LITHIUM BORATE (Li2B4O7:Mn)

45
Q

Principal use: Environmental monitoring

A

CALCIUM SULFATE (CaSO4:Dy)

Radiation Protection (8 decks)

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