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merge 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the presence of radiation is indicated by ticking, chirping or beeping sound

A

PULSE MODE

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2
Q

the instrument response is
expressed in mR/hr or R/hr

A

RATE MODE

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3
Q
  • Used in instruments designed to
    measure the intensity of radiation
  • Accumulate the signal and respond
    with a total exposure (mGya or Gya)
A

INTEGRATED MODE

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4
Q
  • mGya or Gya
  • The practice of measuring the intensity of radiation
A

DOSIMETRY

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5
Q
  • Instrument designed to detect and
    measure radiation
  • The radiation-measuring devices
A

DOSIMETERS

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6
Q

◼The earliest radiation detection device
◼ The primary means of radiation detection
and measurement
◼ Limited range, sensitive, and energy
dependent

A

PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSION

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7
Q

◼Consist of a cylinder filled with air and a
central collecting electrode
◼ Cylinder of gas– ( air ) ( xenon– used to
measure xrays in some ct scanners)

A

GAS-FILLED RADIATION DETECTOR

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8
Q

instrument can detect very low radiation intensities

A

HIGH LEVEL OF SENSITIVITY

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9
Q

instrument can detect & precisely measure the intensity of radiation field

A

HIGH LEVEL OF ACCURACY

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10
Q

The instrument of choice for measuring radiation intensity

A

IONIZATION CHAMBER

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11
Q
  • A portable ion chamber survey instrument
  • The most familiar area survey
  • used principally for area radiation surveys; wide range
A

PORTABLE SURVEY INSTRUMENT (CUTIE PIE)

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12
Q
  • A configuration of an ion chamber
  • Another application of precision ion chamber
A

DOSECALIBRATOR

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13
Q
  • Most accurate ion chamber (specific measurement output
    intensity)
  • used for precise calibration of the output intensity of diagnostic x-ray imaging system
A

ION CHAMBER DOSIMETER

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14
Q
  • Sensitive instruments
  • Detect only Alpha and Beta radiation
  • Used primarily as stationary laboratory
    instruments for the assay
    of small quantities of radioactivity (low
    intensity area)
A

PROPORTIONAL COUNTER

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15
Q
  • A sensitive portable survey instrument- Capable of detecting and indicating
    SINGLE IONIZING EVENTS
  • Least likely to be used as x-ray detector
  • Application: Survey for low radiation levels
A

GEIGER-MULLER COUNTER

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16
Q

a material that
glow when heated; exhibiting thermally
stimulated emission of visible light

A

Thermo-luminescence

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17
Q
  • Radiation dosimeter adapted for personnel monitoring (newest)
  • Used for both patient and personnel radiation monitoring
A

OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE DOSIMETRY (OSL)

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18
Q

OSL material

A

aluminum oxide (Al2O3)

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19
Q
  • Pack of photographic film used for approximate measurement of radiation exposure to radiation workers
  • Most economical type of personnel radiation monitor
  • Consists of a small case w/ a piece of film placed b/n different filters
A

FILM BADGE / FILM DOSIMETER

20
Q
  • Sensitive devices for x-rays and gamma rays
  • Measures radiation intensities as low a single-photon interactions
A

SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

21
Q
  • An imaging device used in nuclear medicine
  • limited range, very sensitive, & stationary or portable instruments
A

GAMMA CAMERA

22
Q
  • Nearly all noble gasses
  • Applications are rare– detection efficiency is very low and probability of interaction is small
A

GAS SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

23
Q
  • Biologic molecules are mixed with a liquid
    scintillation phosphor
  • Used frequently to detect low-energy beta
    emission from
    carbon-14 and tritium
    Detection: 100% for beta radiation
A

LIQUID SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

24
Q
  • Inorganic crystals ; most widely used scintillation phosphors

Ex:- Thallium-activated sodium iodide (NaI:Tl)

A

SOLID SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

25
- An electron vacuum tube - Contains a number of elements - Converts light flashes from the scintillator into an electronic signal of pulses
PHOTOMULTIPLIER (PM) TUBE
26
- Allows the light flash to be reflected internally to the window - Also necessary to seal the crystal
ALUMINUM SEAL
27
a seal that prevents the crystal from coming into contact with air or moisture
Hermetic seal
28
- absorbs moisture - NOTE: most scintillation crystals are BLANK
Hygroscopic
29
A device that emits electrons when illuminated ( cesium, antimony, bismuth)
PHOTOCATHODE
30
a process wherein electrons are emitted from the photocathode
Photoemission
31
- The first series of plate-like elements Function: amplify the electron pulse through secondary electron emission
DYNODES
32
provides structural support for the internal elements anD maintains the vacuum inside the tube
Glass envelope
33
provides an initial state of pulse amplification
PREAMPLIFIER
34
- When heated, it emits visible light – is the emission of light by a thermally stimulated crystal following irradiation
THERMOLUMINESCENSCENCE DOSIMETRY (TLD)
35
- Uses a scintillation detector as an energy-sensitive device - Uses pulse height analysis
GAMMASPECTROMETRY:
36
- Has more molecules available for ionization - more sensitive
LARGE CHAMBERS
37
- Applications: Greater no. of molecules are available for ionization - Higher sensitivity
PRESSURIZED CHAMBER
38
other name for PORTABLE SURVEY INSTRUMENT
cutie pie
39
the minimum time between ionizations that can be detected
RESOLVING TIME
40
where the TLD phosphor is placed on
PLANCHET (SPECIAL DISK)
41
electronic instruments designed to measure and analyze radiation and automatically relate this to exposure or dose through a conversion factor
TLD ANALYZER
42
- most widely used TLD material - Effective atomic no. of: 8.2; that has photon absorption properties similar to that of soft tissue (nearly a tissue equivalent dosimeter) - Characteristic: sensitive; can measure dose as low as– 5mrad (5μGyt) - Dose exceeding 10rad (100mGyt) - Accuracy : better than 5%
LITHIUM FLUORIDE (LiF)
43
- Characteristic: more sensitive to ionizing radiation can measure doses: less than 1mrad (moderate accuracy) - Principal use: environmental monitoring
CALCIUM FLUORIDE (activated with manganese) (CaF2:Mn)
44
Principle use: Research
LITHIUM BORATE (Li2B4O7:Mn)
45
Principal use: Environmental monitoring
CALCIUM SULFATE (CaSO4:Dy)

Radiation Protection (8 decks)

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