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Radiation Protection > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

presence of radiation is indicated by
ticking, chirping or beeping sound

A

PULSE MODE

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2
Q

the instrument response is
expressed in mR/hr or R/hr

A

RATE MODE

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3
Q
  • Used in instruments designed to
    measure the intensity of
    radiation
  • Accumulate the signal and
    respond with a total exposure
    (mGya or Gya)
A

INTEGRATED MODE

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4
Q
  • mGya or Gya
  • The practice of measuring the
    intensity of radiation
A

DOSIMETRY

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5
Q
  • Instrument designed to detect and
    measure radiation
  • The radiation-measuring devices
A

DOSIMETERS

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6
Q
  • The earliest radiation detection
    device
  • The primary means of radiation
    detection and measurement
  • Limited range, sensitive, and
    energy-dependent
  • Personnel monitoring
  • Emulsion reading
A

PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSION

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7
Q

TWOPRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS
OF FILM:

A
  • The making of a radiograph
  • The radiation monitoring of
    personnel (film badge)
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8
Q
  • Consist of a cylinder filled with air
    and a central collecting electrode
  • Cylinder of gas- (air ) ( xenon
    used to measure rays in some ct
    scanners)
A

GAS-FILLED RADIATION
DETECTOR

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9
Q
  • Used widely as a device to
    measure radiation intensity
  • Used to detect radioactive
    contamination
A

GAS-FILLED RADIATION
DETECTOR

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10
Q

THREE TYPES OF GAS-FILLED RADIATION
DETECTOR

A
  • IONIZATION CHAMBER
  • PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS
  • GEIGER-MULLER COUNTER
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11
Q
  • Has more molecules available for
    ionization
  • more sensitive
A

LARGE CHAMBERS

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12
Q

The instrument of choice for
measuring radiation intensity

A

IONIZATION CHAMBER

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13
Q
  • Survey for radiation levels mR/hr–
  • Portable survey instrument
  • Dose Calibrator
  • Ion chamber dosimeter
A

IONIZATION CHAMBER

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14
Q
  • A portable ion chamber survey
    instrument
  • The most familiar
A

PORTABLE SURVEY INSTRUMENT
(CUTIE PIE)

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15
Q
  • A configuration of an ion chamber
  • Another application of precision
    ion chamber
A

DOSECALIBRATOR

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16
Q
  • Most accurate ion chamber (specific
    measurement output intensity)
  • used for precise calibration of
    the output intensity of diagnostic x-ray
    imaging systems
A

ION CHAMBER DOSIMETER

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17
Q
  • Sensitive instruments
  • Detect only Alpha and Beta
    radiation
A

ION CHAMBER DOSIMETER

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18
Q
  • A sensitive portable survey
    instrument
  • Capable of detecting and
    indicating SINGLE IONIZING
    EVENTS
  • Least likely to be used as x-ray
    detector
A

GEIGER-MULLER COUNTER

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19
Q
  • is the emission of light by a thermally
    stimulated crystal following irradiation
  • When heated, it emits visible light
A

THERMOLUMINESCENCE
DOSIMETRY (TLD)

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20
Q

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF TLD:

A
  • PLANCHET (SPECIAL DISK)
  • PMTUBE(photomultiplier tube)
  • TLD ANALYZER
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21
Q

where the TLD phosphor is placed on

A

PLANCHET (SPECIAL DISK)

22
Q

light sensitive and light measuring
vacuum tube (convert photons into
electric signal)

A

PM TUBE (photomultiplier tube)

23
Q

electronic instruments designed to
measure and analyze radiation and
automatically relate this to exposure or
dose through a conversion factor

A

TLD ANALYZER

24
Q
  • most widely used TLD material
  • Effective atomic no. of 8.2; which has photon absorption properties similar to that of soft tissue (nearly a tissue equivalent dosimeter)
A

LITHIUM FLUORIDE (LiF)

25
Q
  • more sensitive to ionizing
    radiation can measure doses:
    less than
  • 1 mrad (moderate accuracy)
A

CALCIUM FLUORIDE (activated with
manganese) (CaF2:Mn)

26
Q
  • OSL monitors the amount of
    radiation received by the amount
    of light emitted
  • Radiation dosimeter adapted for
    personnel monitoring (newest)
  • Used for both patient and
    personnel radiation monitoring
A

OPTICALLY STIMULATED
LUMINESCENCE
DOSIMETRY (OSL)

27
Q

OSL MULTISTEP PROCESS:

A
  • Exposure to ionizing radiation
    (exposed)
  • Laser illumination (read)
  • Measurement of the intensity of
    stimulated light emission
    (analyzed)
28
Q

Advantage of OSL over TLD

A
  • More sensitive than TLD
  • OSL has a precision of 10Gyt
29
Q

one who interpret and record monthly
exposure records of each RT

A

HEALTH PHYSICIST / RADIATION
SAFETY OFFICER

30
Q
  • Pack of photographic film used
    for approximate measurement of
    radiation exposure to radiation
    workers
  • Most economical type of
    personnel radiation monitor
  • Consist of a small case w/ a
    piece of film placed b/n different
    filters
A

FILM BADGE / FILM DOSIMETER

31
Q

FILM BADGE / FILM DOSIMETER Filters:

A
  • Copper
  • Tin
  • Aluminum
  • Plastic
32
Q
  • Sensitive devices for x-rays and
    gamma rays
  • Measures radiation intensities as
    low as single-photon interactions
A

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

33
Q

● Basis for the gamma camera
● Used as image receptor for
several types of digital imaging
system
● Used in the detectors arrays of
CT imaging system Used to
monitor the presence of
contamination
● Used to monitor low levels of
radiation

A

SCINTILLATION DETECTOR

34
Q

TYPES OF SCINTILLATION DETECTOR IN STATE

A

● liquid
● gases
● solids

35
Q
  • An imaging device used in
    nuclear medicine
  • Also used in CT and digital
    radiography imaging system
A

GAMMA CAMERA

36
Q

GAMMA SPECTROMETRY

A
  • Uses scintillation detector as an energy-sensitive device
  • Uses pulse height analysis
37
Q
  • Nearly all noble gases
  • Applications are rare- detection efficiency is very low and probability of interaction is small
A

GAS SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

38
Q
  • Biologic molecules are mixed with a liquid scintillation phosphor
  • Used frequently to detect
    low-energy beta emission from carbon-14 and tritium
  • Detection: 100% for beta
    radiation
A

LIQUID SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

39
Q
  • Inorganic crystals; most widely used scintillation phosphors
  • Thallium-activated sodium iodide (Nal:TI)
    Incorporated into gamma camera
  • Thallium-activated cesium iodide (CsI:TI)
    Incorporated into
    image-intensifier (fluoro) tubes as
    the input phosphor and into flat
    panel DR image receptors
A

SOLID SCINTILLATION DETECTORS

40
Q

● An electron vacuum tube
● Contains a number of elements
● Converts light flashes from the scintillator into an electronic signal of pulses

A

PHOTOMULTIPLIER (PM)
TUBE

41
Q
  • Allows the light flash to be reflected internally to the window
  • Also necessary to seal the crystal hermetically
A

ALUMINUM SEAL

42
Q

one that prevents the crystal from coming into contact with air or moisture

A

Hermetic seal

43
Q

absorbs moisture

NOTE: most scintillation crystals are BLANK

A

Hygroscopic

44
Q

● The portion of the glass envelope that is coupled to the scintillation crystal
● Crystal window and PM tube window: sandwiched together with silicone grease
● Rationale: to provide optical coupling so that light emitted by scintillator is transmitted to the interior of the PM tube with minimum loss

A

WINDOW

45
Q

● A device that emits electrons
when illuminated
● (cesium, antimony, bismuth)
● Photoemission- a process
wherein electrons are emitted from the photocathode

A

PHOTOCATHODE

46
Q
  • The first series of plate-like elements
  • Function: amplify the electron pulse through secondary electron emission
A

DYNODES

47
Q

the ratio of secondary electrons to incident electrons

A

Dynode Gain

48
Q

provides structural support for the internal elements and maintains the vacuum inside the tube

A

Glass envelope

49
Q

the last plate like element of the PM tube

A

Collecting Electrode / Collimator

50
Q

a structure that provides support for the glass envelope and internal structure

A

BASE

51
Q

provides an initial state of pulse amplification

A

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Radiation Protection (8 decks)

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