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DNA: Identity, Disease, Design > Meosis vs. Mitosis > Flashcards

Meosis vs. Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Meosis?

A

genetic variety. It makes sperm and egg cells, gametes.

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2
Q

What does Mitosis do?

A

Makes identical body cells. helps with damage and worn out cells.

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3
Q

What are gametes

A

the fancy word for sperm and egg cells

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do sperm or egg cells have?

A

23 each so that when they create a human a sperm and egg will combine to create 46

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5
Q

What is Interphase

A

growth, DNA replication, cell function

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6
Q

Does Interphase happen before during or after Meosis and Mitosis?

A

Before

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7
Q

True or False. We count chromosomes by centromeres

A

True

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8
Q

What are chromatids?

A

threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.

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9
Q

PMAT

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephone

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10
Q

True or False. In mitosis, you divide once and in meiosis you divide twice

A

True.

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11
Q

ProPhase is the first phase where crossing over happens.

A

Yes this is the first “before stage”. Crossing over is when Chromosomes transfer genetic information between each other. This contributes to variety

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12
Q

Metaphase one is the last phase. True of False?

A

False.

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13
Q

Anaphase is the third of four phases

A

True

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14
Q

Telephase one is the first phase for Mitosis. True or false

A

False its the last phase.

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15
Q

In Metaphase 2, they line up rather than connect. True or False?

A

True.

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16
Q

Sometimes the chromosomes don’t separate functionally. This is something scientists continue to study since it contributes to chromosome disorders. True or False.

A

True.

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17
Q

Mitosis starts with a cell that has a diploid number (for humans, thats 46). True or False

A

True

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18
Q

After Meosis, you end up with 2 cells that have the same DNA. They are exactly the same. It can go through interphase again and go. True or False?

A

False, this is Mitosis

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19
Q

Mitosis is a cycle. True or False?

A

Yes. It can happen many many times.

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20
Q

In Meosis, you will start with a cell that has a diploid number of chromosomes and it also will go through interphase but it will go through meosis 1 which will duplicate but they will have a haploid number of chromosomes (23 for humans) and then they will duplicate. So you have four cells with the haploid number of chromosomes. True or False?

A

True. And they won’t have the same DNA because they will split the homologous pairs and sharing them across the rest so some will get different ones randomly.

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21
Q

Meosis Two cells start with a haploid or diploid number?

A

Haploid. These are gametes now and can then be used for fertilization. Sperm or egg cells.

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22
Q

Meosis is this same and Mitosis is different. True or False?

A

False. Mitosis cells are the same. The process of Meosis creates variety.

23
Q

What are Somatic cells?

A

Cells that are not sex cells.

24
Q

M2 stands for what?

A

Meosis 2

25
Q

What is homologous chromosome pairs?

A

Normally one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father.

26
Q

Name the steps and process for Meiosis

A

Meiosis I:

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis I

Meiosis II:

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis II

27
Q

Prophase 1 is the longest phase of Meiosis. True or False.

A

True

28
Q

What is synapsis?

A

the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.

29
Q

Your genetic identity is determined by crossing over. True or False.

A

True.

30
Q

Your genetic identity is not determined by random alignment. True or False

A

False! It is.

31
Q

Your genetic identity is determined by random fertilization

A

True!

32
Q

Name the phases in order

A

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1 & Cytokinesis, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and a Telophase II & Cytokinesis.

33
Q

What happens in prophase 1?

A

The chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Crossing over occurs.

34
Q

What happens in metaphase I?

A

There are pairs of homologous chromosomes that move to the equator of the cell.

35
Q

What happens during Anapbase I?

A

The homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell.

36
Q

What happens in Telophase I and cytokinesis?

A

Chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells and the cytoplasm divides.

37
Q

What happens in prophase II?

A

A new spidle forms around the chromosomes

38
Q

What happens during Metaphase II?

A

Metaphase II chromosomes line up at the equator

39
Q

What happens during Anaphase II?

A

The centromeres divide. The chromatids move to the opposite poles of the cells.

40
Q

What happens during telophase II & cytokinesis?

A

A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes. The cytoplasm divides.

41
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.

42
Q

Which of the following events occur first in the process of Meisosis?

A

The condensation of the chromosomes

43
Q

Which step occurs last in the process of Meiosis?

A

Separation of sister chromatids.

44
Q

Which events is/are associated with Meiosis I?

A

Condensation, crossing over, and the alignment of the homologous pairs

45
Q

What is closely associated with the term “Tetrad Formation”

A

The alignment of homologous pairs

46
Q

If sister chromatids are separated from each other during Meiosis II, when are they initially formed?

A

During the duplication of the chromosomes

47
Q

Name the four bases and the number of rings in its structure and the hydrogen bonds

A

Cytosine : one ring, 3 hydrogen bonds
Guanine : two rings and 3 hydrogen bonds

Adenine : two rings, 2 hydrogen bonds
Thymine : one ring and 2 hydrogen bonds

48
Q

Why is crossing over a good thing?

A

Crossing over occurs in prophase I. they are no longer homologous which greater genetic diversity. Because of crossover sister chromatids connected by the same centromere can have different DNA when separated which equals different genetic makeups

49
Q

A second replication event occurs just prior to Meiosis II

A

False. There isn’t a second replication event prior to Meiosis II. Before the start of meiosis II, DNA replication does not occur. It then goes on to talk about how Meiosis II starts by two cells going through a division of creating four daughter cells.

50
Q

Why are GC pairs harder to pull apart than AT pairs?

A

Guanine and Cystine pairs have 3 hydrogen bonds where Adeline and thymine only have two. In result, the greater number hydrogen bonds, the harder it is to pull them apart.

51
Q

Name the order of occurrence for events of Meiosis.

A
  1. homologous chromosomes pair together
  2. Crossover
  3. Homologous chromosomes are randomly aligned along the center equator
  4. Homologous chromosomes separate and go to opposite sides of the cell
  5. Chromatids separate and go to opposite sides of the cell
  6. Chromosomes are replicated.
52
Q

It a DNA molecule has 18% Guanine, how much Cystosine, Adenine, and Thymine does it have?

A

Since we know that Guanine is 18% means that Cytosine always pairs with Guanine, so that would make it the same percentage as 36%. We need to find what percentages Adenine and Thymine are, so we subtract 36% from 100% = 64%. This means that together Adenine and Thymine are equal to 64%. When we divided 64 in half, that would be 32% for each. Adding them all up equals 100%.
Cytosine: 18%. Adenine: 32%, Thymine: 32%

53
Q

T or F Thymine and Cystosine are pyrmkdines meaning have one ring

A

True

54
Q

T or F: Adenine and Guanine are pyrimidines

A

False. Adenine and Guanin are purines which means they have two rings.

DNA: Identity, Disease, Design (16 decks)

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