Mental health Flashcards
what is the historical view animism
- everyone and everything has a soul
- explanation of madness (evil spirit has taken possession of individual and controlled their behaviour)
- trepanning performed on skull, create hole with stone instruments as an exit for demons and evil spirits trapped in skull
- spirits could be ancestors, animals, gods, heroes, victims whose wrongs had not been redressed
- spirits enter through lack of faith, evil doer with magical powers or own cunning
historical view humourism
mental health depends on balance of 4 humours/bodily fluids
black bile, blood, yellow bile, phlegm
imbalance leads to disorders
historic view animalism
- prevailing views that insane should be treated liek animals
- Bedlam patients chained up, scalps shaved and bled to point of syncope, purged until alimentary canal failed to yield anything but mucus
- believed madness resulted from animalism
- believed fear would restore sanity
comment on historical views in relation to ethics
- methods to remove spirits unethical as causes harm to patients-animism skulls broken which would have led to death and in animalism physically and mentally harmed
- animalism consent but not informed consent and were held against their will as not allowed to leave
comment on historical views in relation to individual situational
homourism is individual, body fluid levels different person to person
animalism situational, putting patients in position of fear cures them
comment on psychology as science in relation to historical views
scientific when looking at biological explanations for mental health- humourism looks at fluids of the body and if they are out of balance that is when mental disorders appear
defining abnormality-rosenhan and seligman
1-statistical infrequency (behaviour shown less often than normal amount fro that society by nature is abnormal) 2-failure to function adequately (unable to live a normal life, eg cant hold a job or maintain relationships) 3-deviation from social norms (people who dont follow social norms such as take class A drugs considered abnormal) 4-deviation from ideal mental health (ideal mental health is feel +ve about self and grow psychologically, self discipline, +ve social interactions)
what are the problems with Rosenhan and Seligmans defining of abnormalities
- to be abnormal does not actually mean there must be a diagnosis of psychological disoder
- may not be able to hold job due tonot having proper education
- not following socail norms doe not indicate psychological disorder, culturally specific as any society has different norms
- vague criteria of ideal mental health, who can define what ideal is as its contraversial
how are mental disorders categorised
DSM-5
- 22 categories
- ordered in lifespan order
- internalising and externalising (not visible eg depression and visble eg eating disorder
- each disorder has same info (diagnostic criteria, prevalence, co-morbidity, gender related diagnostic issues, culture related diagnostic issues)
what is : diagnostic criteria prevalence co-morbidity gender related diagnostic issue culture related diagnostic issues
- time frame of showing before diagnosis
- how common in age
- info on disorders that may occur also
- affect male or female more
- whether certain cultures excuse the behaviour eg eating substance for spirituality
rosenhan experimental aim
test how accurate hospitals are at diagnosing people with mental illnesses
find out experiences of being hospitalised in mental institution
rosenhan experiment 1
- 12 hospitals (mix of state/private, east/west, old/new, goodstaff/badstaff
- 8 psuedopatients phoned up, said can hear ‘hollow’, ‘empty’, ‘thud’
- once admitted only leave when discharged
- notes on experience-staff treat patients, compare to people at universitys
- had to comply with anything told to do except take medicine
- average stay of 19 days, normal behaviour seen as insane eg pacing halls due to boredom called nervousness, patients lost legal rights, no privacy of possessions or case notes, staff regularly swore at patients
- if tried to talk to staff 88% walked on, 0.4% talked
- at uni if asked for psychiatrist 0% move on 78% talked
rosenhan experiemnt 2
results of first study released many criticised, large hospitals informed that at least 1 pseudopatient would try gain admittance in next 3 months to test their rigorous diagnosis procedure, howver none were sent
-23 patients thought to be fake by psychiatrist, 19 patients thought to be fake by staff member, 41 suspetced to be fake by 2 staff members
-expectancy bias occured
cannot extinguish between insane and sane in psychiatric hospitals
-labels are ‘sticky’ once labelled you are treated differently
-should focus on their behaviour not condition
-see behaviours differently if have ‘observed’ mental illness eg waiting for lunch called acquisitive behaviour
characteristics of affective disorder eg depression
- must display 5 or more symptoms during same 2 week period, must include 1 or 2
- 1.depressed mood most of day nearly every day
- 2.diminished interest in most activities of day every day
- 3.body weight loss more than 5% not due to diet
- 4.insomnia or excessive sleep every day
- 5.restlessness or less activity every day
- 6.fatigue or loss of energy
- 7.feeling of worthlessness every day
- 8,lack of ability to think or make decisions clearly
- 9.recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
characteristics of psychotic disorder eg schizophrenia
+ve - delusions, hallucinations, disorgansied speech
-ve - loss of interest, flat effect, diminished emotional expression
cognitive - affect memory, learning, understanding
must have 2 or more in month and must have a =ve symptom
characteristics of anxiety disorder
- phobias, anxiety, ocd, ptsd, panic disorder
- phobia-show strong persistent and irrational fear of particular object, activity or situation
- agoraphobias-fear of open spaces, not able to escape or get help, mainly women
- social phobia-intense fear of being exposed to scrutiny by others, fear they act in humiliating way, performance/generalised/limited interactional
- specifc-extreme fear of a specific object
biochemical explanation of depression
- low levels of seratonin related to depression
- seratonin is neurotransmitter
- lack of seratonin means body does not respond to messages it received as absorbed by pre synaptic before reach receptors on post, too little seratonin absorbed in nervous system to transmit messages of happiness in response to stimulus
biochemical explanation of schizophrenia
high levels of dopamine causes excess of dopamine to reach post synaptic nerve cells
treatment of biochemical explanations of mental disorders
- restore normal levels of neurotransmitter
- depression block reuptake of seratonin in pre synaptic to ensure it reach post synapitc
- schizophrenia block receptors in post synaptic prevent overload of dopamine
genetic explanation of disorders
- certain disorders passed through genetic transmission, children may inherit a disorder same way inherit eye colour
- as only inherit half genes from each parent one child may should tendency but other may not
- concordance rates not 100% therefore individual differences and environmental effects influence chances of mental disorder
- gottesman and shield if one twin schizophrenic 58% chance monozygotic twin has it, but if dizygotic 12% chance
evolutionary theory of mental illness
inherit traits that have positive effects on chances of survival
phobias of heights, water etc may have evolutionary advantage
ohman administered electric shocks every time picture of snake or face appeared, easier to condition fear response for snakes suggesting an inherited biological predisposition to fear snakes more
what is embryo manipulation
early stages of research, idea of using three parents to reduce inheritance of genetic disorders
brain abnormality explanations of schizophrenia
BROWN-brains of schizophrenics were 6% lighter than patients with affective disorders, enlarged ventricles, thinner papa-hippocampal cortices
WEINBERGER-MRI scan of twins not concordant for schizophrenia, differences in volume of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
brain abnormality explanations of depression
patients with depression show smaller hippocampus volume
depression link to stress, stress releases cortisol, cortisol destroys hippocampal cells, therefore hippocampal cells not responds to seratonin reducing effect of seratonin in body
SHELINE studied elderly women whose depression in remission hippocampus smaller than others of same age
what might treatment be for brain abnormality
drug therapy or surgery to remove tumours
Gottesman key research
- investigate probability of child being diagnosed with mental disorder is either parents had disorder
- any one in DENmarl aged 10 to 52, 2.7 million people and parent studied
- used data from psychiatric central register
- 4 groups: both parents disorder, one parent with disorder, no parent with disorder, general population wiht disorder
- percentage of people admitted with disorder if both parents was 27.3 (schizo) 24.9 (bipo)
- percentage people admitted neither parent 0.86 (schizo) 0.68 (bipo)
- where both parents have been admitted to psychiatric hospital with a disorder children at high risk of being admitted themselves
biological treatment for one specific disorder
drug therapy-restore normal levels of neurotransmitter
SSRIs (selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors)
block the reuptake of seratonin by presynaptic neuron. resulting in greater amount of seratonin in the synapse. wiht more seratonin in synpase increases likely hood of sufficient seratonin reaching the post synaptic neuron and triggering nerve impulse to continue down neuronal pathway.
biological treatment using brain stimulation
ECT - electro convulsive therapy
ECT - electrodes placed on temples electric shock passed through the brain, aim to trigger epileptic seizure to ‘jump-start-‘ the brain and relieve symptoms of mental health disorder, administered under anestheitc
TMS - transcranial magnetic stimulation
TMS - electromagnetic coil held against head near prefrontal lobe, electric current create magnetic field that travel through skull, aim to create small electrical currents in brain that spread deeper areas of brain that are involved in moods regulation, patient is awake and alert
classical conditioning explanation of phobias
association of something bad/scary with object
little albert-baby boy, originally liked white rat but when bars where smashed together everytime rat came near him he eventually became afraid of rat and other white things
operant conditioning explanation of phobias
positive reinforcement, when child sees dog and cries as scared and parents comfort child and give love for being afraid
punishment, playing with animal and get bitten
social learning theory of phobias
child must see parent experience anxiety over object and imitate it
if parents are afraid of something eg deep water they will avoid it and therefore child will also avoid deep water
cognitive explanation of mental illness triad
triad -‘ i am worthless or flawed’ ‘everything i do ends in failure’ ‘future is hopeless’
if present in beliefs then most likely to have diagnosis
once depressed you select info from environment to confirm negative thoughts even if they had a very positive day one negative point will be focus of attention
cognitive explanation of mental illness - faulty cognitions
‘i must be outstandingly competent or i’m worthless’ ‘others must treat me considerately or they are rotten’
‘world should always give me happiness or i die’
highly unrealistic and unattainable expectations inevitably lead to failure, leads to depression
maslow hierarchy of needs
self actualisaton-becoming this ideal person
esteem needs
belonginess and love
safety needs
food and water
-if anything blocks path to self actualisation then can lead to mental illness
carl rogers the self
actual self how you look at yourself
ideal self best version of yourself
-conditions of worth reduce self esteem, made up rules that society and parents place on us, if dont follow the conditions we are made to feel worthless
key research Szasz
mental illness is myth
MEDICALISED
-medical and biological reasons becoming only explanations for abnormal behaviour
-everyone naturally different
-trying to fix someone through drugs or psychiatry is abuse of human rights
-“patients who harm themselves shouldnt be given drugs to stop them”
-institutions favour drugs over respect care and understanding
POLITICISED
-people in power label behaviours that don’t benefit society as ‘mentally ill’
-(defendants found not guilty due to reason of insanity have nothing wrong with them they are just bad people)
-“current views of mental illness make people feel like they have no free will over their behaviour”
non-biological treatments
systematic desensitisation
flooding
aversion therapy
rational emotive therapy
what is systematic densenitisation
3 phases
1-therapist and patient construct hierarchy of fearful situations
2-patient trained in deep muscle relaxation techniques eg visualisation techniques
3-move up hierarchical list come into contact wiht least fearful and apply relaxation techniques, once relaxation occurs move onto next one in list until person is desensitised
what is flooding
present phobias straight away
immediate fear response caused by adrenaline cannot be sustained
do not leave or remove phobias until calmed down
associate calm wiht feared object
what is aversion therapy
for addictions
produce unpleasant association like nausea with addiction eg be sick every time drink alcohol
repeated pairing will result in learned response of aversion to alcohol
what is rational emotive therapy
identify irrational thoughts-mustabation 5 stages 1-Activating 2-Beliefs 3-Consequences 4-Dispute 5-Effects client helped to understand how these beliefs are contributing to their illness helped to idenitify an alternative way to processing a situation which in turn should change their behaviour
