Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Individual Differences > Flashcards

Individual Differences Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What was the aim of Freud’s study

A

To document the case of little Hans a boy who was going through the phallic stages of development and to confirm whether Freud’s theories about the unconscious and Oedipus complex were true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the procedure in Freud’s study?

A

Hans’ father recorded detail of Hans behaviour and conversations- made own interpretations and sent to Freud in letter

Freud would reply with his interpretation and gave guidance on what his father should look for and be talking with hans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the sample in Freud’s study?

A

One normal boy

3 years old to 5 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Oedipus complex.

A

Children develope a desire to have a sexual relationship with their opposite gender parent and are fearful of same gender parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the psychosexual development theory

A

Oral stage - thumb sucking like nipple sucking
Anal stage - holding back stool for pleasure
Phallic stage - contains Oedipus complex
Latency stage - interests go from sexual desire to hobbies
Genital stage - desire directed at others like them not parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Discuss ethics of Freud

A

“Little hans” protect the identity of child

Consent came from parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Discuss validity of Freud

A

Is freuds interpretations correct? More obvious explanations
Eg giraffe dream cause he has been to the zoo
Use of leading questions “when horse fell down did you think of daddy”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Discuss reliability of Freud

A

Sample of one is too small to establish consistent effect , in order to say all children progress through these 5 psychosexual stages of development larger sample needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is Freud ethnocentric

A 
Yes, in terms of middle class child in Vienna different to experiences of child in poorer places
No as phobias are common in children across the world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Some case history of Freud - phobias and fantasies

A
  • Letter said Hans aged 3.5 yrs old had lively interest in his widdler, mother told him “if you do that I shall send for Dr to cut off your widdler”
  • age 4.5 Hans being powered Hans asked his mother “why don’t you put your finger there” “it’s great fun”
  • fear of horses biting Hans
  • dream about giraffes and went and told parents next morning
  • scared of what horses blinkers and muzzles
  • liked lumf
  • plumber fantasy widdler cut off and given new one
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Freud’s interpretations

A
  • fear of castration, anxiety begins
  • tries to seduce mum by asking her to touch widdler
  • fear of horses biting is to do with fear of having widdler cut off, effect of mother’s threat
  • long neck giraffe is dad as big penis, crumpled giraffe is mum, during night seized with longing for mother hence coming into bedroom
  • blinkers look like fathers glasses and muzzle looks like his moustache
  • lumf -fear of defecation and carts falling over linked to heavily loaded stomach
  • fantasy of plumber shows Hans over coming fear of castration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does Freud link to psychology as science

A
  • case study is unique and impossible to replicate
  • freuds interpretations were subjective as his own opinions (qualitative)
  • unclear how to prove freuds theory wrong as can’t know what the unconscious is
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does freud support nature nurture

A

Stated that “both disposition and experience can be expected to play part in anxiety disorders”

Nature- child’s constitution
Nurture - child’s experiences as they grow up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why does Freud link to reductionism and holism

A

Reductionist- only explained phobias and fantasies in relation to his own theory of psychosexual development
Holistic- in-depth case study over two years meant Hans was not restricted to what experiences he could reveal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why does Freud fall into individual differences

A

Investigates how people differ by phobias

Comes from psychodynamic perspective due to how Hans behaviour was explained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why does Freud link to key theme of understanding disorders

A

Freud suggests that understanding disorders sjousl be done by understand the unconscious conflicts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Aim of baron-Cohen

A

Develop advanced test of theory of mind of adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sample of baron-Cohen

A

Group 1-16 high functioning autistic or Asperger adults, normal intelligence 13 males and 3females

Group 2-50 normal adults, 25 male, 25 female, no history of psychiatric conditions selected randomly

Group 3-10 adults with Tourette’s, 8 male, 2 female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What were the three groups matched on in baron Cohen

A

Age 18-49

Normal IQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did baron Cohen hypothesise

A
  • participants with autism or Asperger would show sig impairment on eyes task
  • normal female perform better in eye task than normal males
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was procedure in baron Cohen

A

Tested individually either at home or in researcher clinic
Given 4 tasks to do, tasks presented in random order
-eyes task
-strange stores task
-gender recognition task
-basic emotion recognition task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did the tasks in baron Cohen consist of

A

—Eyes task- shown 25 photos for 3 seconds, all black and white, only showed eyes, had to choose one of two contrasting words which showed emotion of eyes

  • Strange stories-24 stories including irony, white lie, lie, truth, joke, figure of speech, participant asked to explain why they character said or did what they did
  • gender recognition-looked at same setsof eyes and say if female or male
  • basic emotion-photo of whole face, 6 photos had to say which emotion was shown either (happy sad disgust angry afraid surprise)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How were the words in eye task chosen

A

Panel of 8 (4 male and 4 female) blind to hypothesis agreed on words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What was the point in the tasks other than eye task

A

Strange stories should present same results as eye task

Others were controls to check for deficits on eye task due to other factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Results of baron Cohen eye task

A

Autistic 16.3, SD of 2.9, range of 13-23

Normal 20.3, SD of 2.63, range of 16-25

Tourette’s 20.4, SD of 2.63, range of 16-25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Results of second hypothesis baron Cohen

A

Males 18.8, SD 2.53, range 26-22

Females 21.8, SD 1.78, range 20-25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Discuss ethics of baron Cohen

A
  • assumed consent given but unclear if it was informed fully about eyetask
  • options reduced harm by enabling them to see an answer, however anxiety over giving wrong one
  • withdrawal could have stopped answering questions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Discuss validity of baron Cohen

A
  • matched on mean age and intelligence levels reduces particpant variables and extraneous variables
  • concurrent validity due to eye task and strange stories giving same results
  • hjgh design validity as used words describing cognitive mental sates eg uncertain, more than emotion perception, just eyes so no context
  • control for order effects by randomising order of tasks
  • low ecological as normally get to see whole face
29
Q

Discuss reliability of baron Cohen

A
  • panel of 8 ensured not just one persons opinion
  • normal people, 25 male, 25 female minimum number to establish consistency and a reliable effect
  • when analysing results can’t compare AS to autism as very small samples (12 and 4) to establish any reliable effects
30
Q

Discuss baron Cohen ethnocentrism

A

Autistic spectrum and Tourette’s occur in people irrespective of cultural background therefore results to apply to many outside of UK
Variation between amount of experience reading emotions from eyes alone eg Muslim women and niqab

31
Q

Why does baron Cohen link to reductionism holistic

A

Reductionist-focuses on understanding disorder by isolating one variable

32
Q

Why does baron Cohen link to science

A
  • rigorous scientific approach, replicable as repeated for 76 participants
  • objective as answers were either right or wrong and so either support hypothesis or don’t, can be proven wrong
33
Q

Why does baron Cohen link to socially sensitive

A

Research into any mental disorder can be sensitive particularly when looking at deficits
Baron Cohen focused on trying to achieve complete understanding by being scientific and objective
Tried to put his research into positive uses such as with children

34
Q

Why does baron fall into individual differences

A

It’s investigating a way in which people differ, namely by being diagnosed as being on autistic spectrum

35
Q

How does baron change understanding of understanding disorders

A
  • Suggests that adults experience impairment when comes to theory of mind
  • changes understanding by showing other conceptual frameworks that can be used to understand disorders other than psychoanalysis
  • changes individual from phobias to mental disorders
  • not change cultural as would expect to see people on autism spectrum in Austria and expect to see phobias in UK
36
Q

Similarity between Freud and baron Cohen

A

Both understanding disorders

Consent from Hans parents and those in baron Cohen

37
Q

Differences between Freud and baron Cohen

A

Freud phobias, baron mental disorders
Freud 1 participant, baron 76 participants
Freud case study, baron experiemnt
Freud qualitative, baron quantitative

38
Q

Gould sample

A

1.75 million from first world war in US army camps

39
Q

what were the 3 tests by yerkes

A

Army alpha-written examination given to literate recruits, 8 parts, less than hour to complete example question ‘crisco is…’ answer is butter
Army beta-illiterates and those who failed alpha, 7 parts, less than hour, example task cube counting
Individual examination-failures of beta

40
Q

what happened following completion of the tests in yerkes

A

army psychologists assigned letters A to E with plus and minus, and offer suggestions for proper military placement, yerkes suggested those with below C- should be rank ordinary private

41
Q

what was wrong with yerkes tests

A
  • yerkes did not anticipate how many recruits had not been to school, therefore queues for beta got longer and to avoid bottleneck the definition of literate was lowered so more could take the alpha test, many of those moved scored 0 on alpha test
  • yerkes protocols said those who failed beta should be given another go, many camps under pressure so did not follow
  • requirement for failing beta test and had to get an individual examination was not followed
42
Q

results of yerkes

A

160,000 cases analysed by Boring, who stated:

  • average mental age of white american adult was 13, only one above expected of moron
  • immigrants from Europe eg Russians, Italians were found to be less intelligent with average mental age 11.0
  • black people mental age of 10.41
43
Q

effects of Borings conclusions

A

immigration restriction act of 1924, as racist against those nations that are inferior
6 million barred from entry between 1924 and second world war

44
Q

Gould review of Yerkes

A
  • ‘ludicrous yerkes’, claimed tests tested for native intellectual ability but only tested american knowledge
  • tests were culturally biased
  • beta test components required pencil work but those who was meant to be taking it had never touched a pencil let alone hold one
  • ‘yerkes had overlooked, or consciously bypassed something of importance’
  • claimed those who most likely to be illiterate were black men or those most recently immigrated, systematic bias substantially lowered mean fro black and immigrants
45
Q

discuss ethics of yerkes/gould

A
  • no consent, recruits not told about its aim or purpose and therefore assumed unable to withdraw
  • no confidentiality as had to fill out name age and education even those illiterate
  • heightened anxiety due to chaotic conditions
46
Q

discuss validity of gould/yerkes

A
  • gould shows major issues in claiming accuracy as didn’t test intelligence it tested native knowledge eg what crisco is
  • persons score may reflect their camp as different camps had different definitions of illiterate
47
Q

discuss reliability of gould/yerkes

A
  • tests were standardised as anyone taking alpha test had to do the same tasks and questions
  • yerkes had clear instructions on hour the tests should have been administered however these were not always followed
48
Q

discuss ethnocentrism of gould/yerkes

A
  • participants came from wide range of backgrounds therefore sample was not ethnocentric
  • tests were centred around one culture - american
49
Q

discuss nature nurture of gould/yerkes

A

nature-yerkes believed that intelligence was inherited and unaffected by environment, but gould suggested that those who did better on the tests were because they had lived in the US for longer a d had received more education

50
Q

yerkes/gould and psychology as a science

A

-yerkes tried to standardise his tests, and he scores the individuals received were objective as answers were right or wrong, however falsifiability as hard to prove that Black people are not as intelligent

51
Q

aim of hancock

A
  • to see if psychopaths view of world for taking reflected in their speech in form of subordinating clause
  • interested if narratives about their crimes would contain more semantics about food, money, sex etc
  • deficit in emotions lead to the use of less or fewer emotional words and more disfluencies
52
Q

hancock sample

A

52 men, in canadian prison for murder, volunteered to take part, mean age at time of murder 28

53
Q

hancock procedure

A

Psychopathy checklist revised- PCL-R
used to determine who was psychopathic and who was not, 39 men assessed by prison psychologists, 13 assessed by trained research in PCL-R, trained graduate student selected 10 random cases found correlation of 0.94
-14 offenders found t be psychopathic with scores above 25
-interviewed by students blind to psychopathy scores, purpose of study explained to each offender
-asked to detail their offence, audiotaped after narratives turned into scripts

54
Q

analysis of transcripts hancock

A
  • Wmatrix, speech by all 14 psychopaths brought together and analysed as one comparison to speech produced by all 38 of non-psychopaths
  • tags on nouns adjectives, analyse of semantic concepts
  • dictionary of affect in language assessed emotional properties of language, each participants transcript analysed individually
55
Q

results hancock

A
  • language analysis-psychopaths more subordinating conjunctions 1.82% of words
  • hierarchy of needs-psychopaths used more words connected to food, money, clothing nonpsychopaths more words used in connected with family religion
  • emotional expression-33% more disfluencies by psychopaths, psychopaths used more past tense, but no significant emotional context difference
56
Q

Hancock conclusion

A

concluded from idiosyncratic way in which psychopaths describe powerful emotional events that they operate on a primitive but rational level

57
Q

what was research method by hancock

A

self report and content analysis where they turned qualitative data of the narrative into quantitative data

58
Q

hancock ethics

A

gave consent to take apart and were debriefed as to what their task was, no mention of being told can withdraw, and did participants know they were being assessed for psychopathy

59
Q

hancock validity

A
  • no demand characteristics as appears not told about the independent or aspects of language researchers were looking for
  • double blind procedure
  • the usual 30 score reduced to 25 for this study, therefore not all that were claimed to be psychopaths were psychopaths questioning the results
  • did not look at general knowledge only their recollection of their crime
  • extraneous variables such as education or culture they are from may influence the language they use
60
Q

hancock reliability

A

inter rater reliability of the PCL-R assessments

  • standardised as each participant followed the same step wise interview procedure
  • computer programmes ensures each participants data was approached in consistent way
  • interviews were open ended style therefore narratives by prisoners will have varied in such matters, is sample size of 14 psychopaths large enough for consistent effect
61
Q

ethnocentrism hancock

A

-from same country therefore same culture therefore use language differently to other countries

62
Q

freewill determinism hancock

A

deterministic-as diminished capacity for moral sensibility appears to have biological underpinnings, and the claim that psychopaths have unique drives and sociomotional needs
-psychopaths are highly manipulative and use their language to lie, charm and use others for materials, therefore they are able to change te way in which they are perceived by others shows control over own behaviour

63
Q

hancock usefulness

A

-suggests new way of detecting psychopaths through language which would be useful in prison context in order to work out rehabilitation techniques

64
Q

socially sensitive hancock

A
  • potential applications of these findings
  • those who use disfluencies naturally and use the past tense alot may be labelled as psychopaths when they are not
  • job applications, some workers may be removed from the running because they display the signs of language of psychopaths, being discriminated against when they may not be psychopaths
65
Q

hancock link to individual differences

A

investgiating way in which might be possible way of measuring differences in people by the language that they use

66
Q

link to key theme hancock

A

suggests its possible to carry out quantitative analysis of how people use language and compare them and to see how psychopaths use language in distinctive ways

67
Q

change understanding hancock

A
  • instead of completing tests themselves, professionals can analyse what people do
  • role of technology
  • individual diversity-draw attention to psychopathy and the language they use
  • culture diversity-canada another country
68
Q

differences between yerkes/gould and hancock

A

1.75 million sample/14 psychopaths

opportunity sample/self selected

69
Q

similarities between yerkes and hancock

A

all male samples
quasi experimental method
self report
quantitative

Psychology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions